America s Successful Fight For Independence - 1484 Words

South American Leader Simon Bolivar, memorialized as one of the greatest liberators during South America s successful fight for independence from Spain, also known as Bolivar s War. General Simon Bolivar led the wars to independence for Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. Bolivar succeeded as a liberator but his ultimate dream to unify his beloved continent fell short. His vision of combining all of South America into one independent nation always remained intact. Being great admirer of the American Revolution and the French Revolution, Bolà ­var described himself decide Along with other Spanish colonies in South America, Venezuela had a broad mixture of races that was controlled by a strict caste system. Ethnic origins and classes were greatly oppressed causing a significant amount of conflict. Spaniards were considered superior to those born in the colonies. Because of this, the king of Spain would not allow the building of a University in Venezuela because he did not feel that the colonists needed an education. Trade was also restricted, which made it difficult for the merchant class to earn money through importing and exporting goods. Simon Bolivar lived and experienced these events, and attempted to fix them. Born in Venezuela in 1783 of noble blood and attending school in Europe where he directly experienced the effects of the French Revolution. During this period, he immersed himself into the works of philosophers like Rousseau, Locke, andShow MoreRelatedImperialism : A Vital Goal And Factor1695 Words   |  7 Pagesfought and struggled immen sely to win our independence from England. In the end, are Americans still being mindful and empathetic of the other nations, whether they are weaker or not fully developed? Or, are they only conscious of what they ll get for themselves? Overall, retaining control of other countries without a settled agreement or negotiation and denouncing them of their liberty is truly un-American and goes against the Declaration of Independence. The exploits of imperialism are averseRead MoreEssay on Why I admire Benjamin Franklin706 Words   |  3 Pagesestablished his first printing business with a partner, Hugh Meredith. Benjamin soon bought out Hugh Merediths share. In 1732, when Franklin was only 26 he published the first edition of Poor Richards Almanack, the book shows evidence that it was successful for 25 years. Poor Richards Almanack allowed Franklin to retire from business a rich man in 1748. In 1741 Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin Stove. The stove was handy for both, heating a room or cooking. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin conductedRead MoreThomas Paine s Common Sense, Boston King s Memoir, And James Madison s Federalist Number 101584 Words   |  7 Pagesthat helped shape America. In January 1776 Thomas Paine published the pamphlet, Common Sense. Paine’s Common Sense was written in order to argue for American independence. Paine listed many reasons to back up his argument such as; the problems with have a monarchy, America’s relationship with the rest of Europe, the British oppression, and many more. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet was successful in encouraging other Americans to want to fight for independence because in July of 1776 America declared its independenceRead MoreThe Justification Of An Anti Imperialist Imperialism1393 Words   |  6 Pagesfought and struggled immensely to win our independence from England. In the end, are Americans still being mindful and empathetic of the other nations whether they are weaker or not fully developed? Or, are they only conscious of what they ll get for themselves? Overall, retaining control of other countries without a settled agreement or negotiation and denouncing them of their liberty is truly un -American and goes against The Declaration of Independence. The exploits of imperialism is averseRead MoreAmerica s Abolition Of Slavery976 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty in his own person. This nobody has a right to but himself,†- John Locke. Those who are born into America today are farther and farther removed from a dark chapter in U.S. History. In America, the second you are born you have the unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This wasn’t always the case. The enslaving of African American’s was a way of life in America, especially in the Southern states. Black people were either forced or born into slavery. These people hadRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. This document has been fundamental to american history longer than any other text because it was the first text to use â€Å"The United States of America† and in a sense the Declaration was the birth certificate of the American nationRead MoreThe Fight Of The American Revolution For Independence1262 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen praised for influencing our nation s independence. In history class we take notice of countless stories about these men. We are talking about George Washington our first president. John Winthrop, first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony, John Adams, and William Pitt. Including, so much more essential man, however, we also need to take into account the stories of the wives of these men and o ther women who were caught up in the struggle for Americas sovereignty. Throughout the eighteen centuryRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Gettysburg Address1161 Words   |  5 PagesMany years ago, America was not the country that is today, it had to fight for territory and freedom. Although it s become a country ruled by the people. People had to elect a president that fulfilled the expectations to expand and to create a successful country. Each of the chosen presidents left a mark; some achieved many good things and others failed. One of the big events that contribute to the way America is designed today was the civil war of 1861.During this war president, Abraham LincolnRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence999 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, goes back to 1765-1783. One of the major effects of the American Revolution was that the colonies became recognized as independent. It was now separated from Great Bri tain. France joined in and became our allies and helped the colonies in 1778. Since France joined the war, they turned a civil war into an international war. There were a lot of causes that led up to the beginning and the end of the war. There was a lot of causes thatRead MoreEssay on Comparing The French Revolution and The American Revolution1339 Words   |  6 Pagesbad state by forcing the peoples to fight for a cause that did not involve the, but was instead the major authorities problem. The French were driven into war to help Americas revolution while the Americans were always forced to fighting Britains battles, all of which suppressed the growth of their nation. As said in Thomas Paine?s 50- page pamphlet ?Common Sense? written in those times as a successful attempt to convince many Americans that independence from Great Britain was the only course

A comparison of the Use of Language between the Chimney...

A comparison of the Use of Language between the Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence and Experience Even though, a hundred and seventy nine years later, lying in his grave, William Blake is still one of the best influences in poetry and even daily life today. Blake’s work, unrecognised during his lifetime, but now is almost universally considered that of a genius. Northrop Frye, who undertook a study of Blake’s entire opus, ‘What is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English Language.’ Blake was born into a middle class family in 1757. The bible, being one of the most worshipped yet most feared artefacts in Blake’s time, was his biggest influence in his work, and was to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœSongs of innocence’ contains poems written from the perspective of children or written about them, children being a key meaning of innocence. In ‘The Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence’ the whole thing is basically a summary of Blake’s hates, Child Slavery, Death and the Dark Side of Religion. It also includes a lot of description of black imagery, black representing the soot. In stanza one, it tells us the story of when the child (who is telling us the poem) is brought into life, and sold off when he could barely cry, and brought up into a life full of poverty, and poor living. Blake ends the first stanza with a very harrowing way, ‘so your chimneys I sweep and in soot I sleep.’ This line is supposed to make readers feel tense, as if to think, these children must have had a hard life. In the second stanza, Blake describes a young boy in the name of Tom Dacre, about how he cried when he got his head shaved, his hair ‘curled like a lambs back.’ The fourth line, ‘â€Å" Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your head’s bare, you know that soot can no longer spoil your white hair.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This gives out a sense of a childish like security, full of pure innocence, yet strongShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake in Contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience1452 Words   |  6 PagesEN 222-Intro to British Lit. II April 21, 2012 William Blake in contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience William Blake, an engraver, exemplified his passion for children through his many poems. Blake lived in London most of his life and many fellow literati viewed him as eccentric. He claimed to have interactions with angels and prophets, which had a great influence on his outlook of life. Blake believed all prominent entities, those being church, state, and government had become sick withRead More The Condition of Youth in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience2679 Words   |  11 PagesThe Condition of Youth in Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are collections of poems that utilize the imagery, instruction, and lives of children to make a larger social commentary. The use of child-centered themes in the two books allowed Blake to make a crucial commentary on his political and moral surroundings with deceptively simplistic and readable poetry. Utilizing these themes Blake criticized the church, attacking theRead MoreEssay on Blakes The Songs of Innocence1353 Words   |  6 PagesBlakes The Songs of Innocence The Songs of Innocence poems first appeared in Blake’s 1784 novel, An Island in the Moon. In 1788, Blake began to compile in earnest, the collection of Songs of Innocence. And by 1789, this original volume of plates was complete. These poems are the products of the human mind in a state of innocence, imagination, and joy; natural euphoric feelings uninhibited or tainted by the outside world. Following the completion of the Songs of Innocence plates, Blake wroteRead MoreThe Notion of Duality of the Human Soul in William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience4371 Words   |  18 PagesWilliam Blake’s Songs Of Innocence And Experience Tembong Denis Fonge             Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience generally subscribe to the main stream appreciation that they present the reader with two states of the human condition - the pastoral, pure and natural world of lambs and blossoms on the one hand, and the world of experience characterized by exploitation, cruelty, conflict and hypocritical humility on the other hand. However, Blake’s songs communicate experiences that go beyond

Receivable Accounts Payable Of The Company â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Receivable Accounts Payable Of The Company? Answer: Introducation After observing the Balance Sheet and Trial Balance of Zen Drop Limited for the year ended 30 September 2017, I would like to highlight some of the major financial factors of the company. From the balance sheet of Zen Drop Limited, I have noticed that the total amount of cash in bank is 9720110. While comparing the current assets and liabilities of Zen Drop Limited, I have seen that the total amount of current assets is higher than the total amount of current liabilities. In case of the accounts receivable and accounting payable of the company, I have observed that the total amount of accounts receivable is higher than the total amount of accounts payable of the company (Anjum and Malik 2013). This is a strong financial indicator for Zen Drop Limited that it has the sufficient liquidity position to pay the business creditors. From this, I have concluded that the liquidity position of the company is good as Zen Drop Limited has the financial capability to pay its current obligations ( Holden, Jacobsen and Subrahmanyam 2014). I would also like to mention the fact the overall financial position of Zen Drop Limited is in good shape as the total assets of Zen Drop Limited is higher than its total liabilities. I have also observed the fact that the amount of share capital is more than that of non-current liabilities that is loans. From this, it is clear that the capital structure of Zen Drop Limited consists more of share capital that long-term borrowing (Dalal 2013). This aspect reduces the financial risk of the company and Zen Drop Limited does not have to bear large business of interest expenses (Jain, Singh and Yadav 2013). Hence, based on the above discussion, I would like to mention the fact that the financial position of Zen Drop Limited is in good condition as the company has strong liquidity position and the proportion of share capital is more in the capital structure of Zen Drop Limited. References Anjum, S. and Malik, Q.A., 2013. Determinants of corporate liquidity-An analysis of cash holdings.Journal of Business and Management,7(2), pp.94-100. Dalal, G., 2013. Capital Structure Decisions.Journal of Business Management Social Sciences Research (JBMSSR) ISSN, (2319-5614). Holden, C.W., Jacobsen, S. and Subrahmanyam, A., 2014. The empirical analysis of liquidity.Foundations and Trends in Finance,8(4), pp.263-365. Jain, P.K., Singh, S. and Yadav, S.S., 2013. Capital Structure Decisions. InFinancial Management Practices(pp. 77-158). Springer India.

Zoom Fft free essay sample

A Seminar Report On ZOOM FFT Submitted In partial fulfillment For the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology Applied Electronics amp; Instrumentation In Department of Electronics amp; Communication Engineering Submitted To: Submitted By Mr. Raj Kumar Jain Krishan Gopal Bansal HOD Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 Department of Electronics amp; Communication Engineering CompuCom Institute of Information Technology amp; Management Rajasthan Technical University, Kota April 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The seminar has been a unique experience for me instead of routine and momentary exercise. It has leap to new field of acquiring knowledge and learning. First of all I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This introduces the scheme of providing seminar for technical student during for Technical student during the 4-year course of B. Tech. With the drastic development of technology amp; speedy industrializations of the country I consider myself to fortunate to have undergone seminar on zoom FFT Techniques in Blood Flow Analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoom Fft or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am very thankful to Mr. Manvendra Singh amp; Mr. Dilip Tiwari sir or other concerned Person for their guidance, constant encouragement; strong support amp; kind help of  Understand many technical aspects in my training period. My heartily thanks to Mr. Raj Kumar Jain ,HOD (Electronics amp; Communication Department) and of CIITM, JAIPUR for all kind of help they have granted in absence of which the seminar would have not been possible. Krishan Gopal Bansal Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 PREFACE The seminar is an essential requirement for an engineering student. The student has to give the seminar for the pre described period as per the university norms. The purpose of seminar is to help the student to gain industrial experience. Moreover, as for the utility of seminar concerning, it can be said that student gets an opportunity during his training to imply the theoretical knowledge in the field work and to clear the difficulties in a better way. In the year 2013, in my 8th semester, I give my seminar on ZOOM FFT Technique in Blood Flow Analysis under the guidance of Mr. Manvendra Singh. Guided BySubmitted By Mr. Manvendra Singh Krishan Gopal Bansal Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 Submitted To Mr. Raj Kumar Jain HOD (EC/ AEI) ABSTRACT I give my seminar on zoom FFT techniques in Blood Flow analysis. According to the rule of  Rajasthan Technical University towards the fulfillment of four years degree course of B. Tech. The object of seminar in engineering field is to co-relate the theory with practical knowledge and to make student familiar with industrial environment. I have been fortunate to get seminar in such an industry which has been continuous by climbing the ladder of development utilizing the latest technology. Here I could get knowledge of  various equipment which are tested amp; calibrated in their enterprise. Contents Page No. Certificate i Acknowledgement ii Preferenceiii Abstract iv List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction1 1. 1 Doppler Effect Phenomenon2 1. 2 Real Blood Flow Analysis4 Chapter 2: Down Sampling6 2. 1 Maintaining the Sampling Theorem Criterion6 2. 2 Down Sampling Process7 2. 3 Down Sampling by Rational Fraction7 Chapter 3: Blood Flow9 3. 1 Cell –Tissue-Organ-System9 3. 2 Blood and Its Composition9 3. 3 The Mechanics of Blood Circulation9 3. 4 The Basics of Motion10 3. 5 Basic Ideas in Fluid Mechanics12 Chapter 4: Fast Fourier Transform14 4. 1 Definition and Speed15 Chapter 5: ZOOM FFT16 5. 1 Basic Principle of The Zoom FFT18 5. Zoom FFT Algorithm19 5. 3 Simulation Result25 5. 4 Advantages28 5. 5 Applications28 Conclusion29 References30 List of Figure Figure NamePage No. 1. Doppler Effect3 2. Formal FFT4 3. Zoom FFT5 4. Ultrasonic Signal Path5 5. Blood flow graph with velocity12 6. Zoom FFT analysis 117 7. Zoom FFT analysis 218 8. Schematic diagram of the Zoom FFT process19 9. Digital Mixing20 10. Zoom FFT Algorithm20 11. Hilbert Transform22 12. FFT of a wave with 2 frequencies23 13. Zoom FFT with various Wave form24 14. Simulation results without zoom25 15. Simulation results with zoom26 16. Simulation results with zoom/without zoom and input signals27 Chapter 1 Introduction An adequate blood flow supply is necessary for all organs of the body. Analysis of the blood flow finds its importance in the diagnoses of diseases. There are many techniques for analyzing the blood flow. These techniques are not affordable by the poor people because of their high expense. So we have implemented a technique called Zoom-FFT. This technique is simple and affordable to detect the blood clots and other diseases. Human with his potential tries to get whichever is unexplored, explored, and till now we are managing and succeeding using some technical ways. In the same way this is one of the explorations made for scanning the intra details of some specific objects using ultrasound named SONOGRAPHY, which is used as an alternative to x-ray photography. In this paper, the method to zoom the image or the scanned data-using zoom FFT has been discussed. It also explains the algorithm to get ZOOM FFT and how it can be obtained via simulation. Real time experimentation and its applications, with basics of ultrasound scanning are also explained. Here a specific application will be dealt i. e. , ultrasonic blood flow analyzer using ZOOM FFT. Blood flow analysis is done by passing a high frequency ultrasonic wave in the blood vessels through a transducer (transmitter) . The reflected signal; from the receiver transducer has a different frequency due to the Doppler principle. This signal is passed to a DSP processor to find the frequency spectrum. Because of the high frequency of the ultrasonic wave, the resolution of the frequency spectrum output will not be good. Therefore we go for advanced Zoom FFT technique, wherein a very small frequency change due to the clot formation can be obtained with a good resolution. It can be used to locate the initial presence of a blood clot. All of these tasks must be achieved with a single DSP chip in order for the system to be both cost-effective and power efficient and thus widely accepted. This seminar report proposes: 1. Study of Bio-medical signal processing 2. Mixing down the input signal to the base band frequency using Hilbert Transform 3. Finding the down sampling using the decimation process 4. Obtaining the spectrum output using fast Fourier transform 5. Simulation is done by Matlab/C. 6. TMS320C5X/6X DSP processor does real time implementation. SOUND IS A COMPRESSIONAL WAVE† Sounds at frequencies above the audible range, to say above 20 KHz are Ultrasonic wave, in the megahertz range. Above which are supersonic sound. 1. 1 DOPPLER EFFECT PHENOMENON A shift in frequency (f) of the wave will be expected due to the source and observers motion relative to each other. If the distance between them is reduced or increased. That shift in frequency depends on the velocity of sound which also depends on density of the medium, in which it propagates. When a small object is situated in the path of the sound wave, the wave will be resisted (scattered). A direct measurement of this velocity will provide useful information about the dynamic property of the medium. The Velocity of sound in Blood is 1570 m/s. Perceived velocity is V’=V-V0 In terms of frequency (f), as a velocity dependent factor. Fp = f0 (V+V0)/V-Vs, for both objects moving towards. – (1) Fp = f0 (V-V0)/V+Vs, for both objects moving away from each other. – (2) F0: Actual Frequency. Fp: Perceived Frequency. V: Velocity of Wave. Vs: Source Velocity. V0: Velocity of Observer. Thus we get the perceived frequency proportionately changed with respect to changes in measuring media. This process is explained using animation as below in FIG (1). Fig. 1 Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect can be explained with respect to pitch or wavelength, since all are dependent to each other. E. g. of Doppler Effect: Say, A car passes you on the street blowing its horn at a frequency of 440Hz, the whole way, As the car approaches you, you will hear a pitch gt; 440Hz(in increasing order). After the car passes you and drives away from you, you will hear a pitch lower lt; 440Hz (in descending order). â€Å"THIS CONCEPT IS APPLIED IN ULTRASOUND RANGE FOR HUMAN BLOOD FLOW ANALYSIS USING VELOCITY OF BLOOD† Steps involved: Sound generation: The ultrasonic sound is generated using the piezoelectric transducer. * Number of transducer may vary from 1 to many. * Narrow beam of wave is to be feed in. * Continuous mode of operation with no timed switching is applied in real time to measure Frequency and Amplitude * Doppler shift analysis for frequency content is to be done. * Creation of image – to plot in 2 Dimension. * Display using color differentiation. 1. 2 REAL BLOOD FLOW ANALYSIS: In an Ultrasonic blood flow analysis, a beam of ultrasonic energy is directed through a blood vessel at a shallow angle and its transit time is then measured. More common are the ultrasonic analyzers based on the Doppler principle. An oscillator, operating at a frequency of several Mega Hertz, excites a piezoelectric transducer. This transducer is coupled to the wall of an exposed blood vessel and sends an ultrasonic beam with a frequency F into the flowing blood. A small part of the transmitted energy is scattered back and is received by a second transducer arranged opposite the first one as shown in. Fig. 2 Formal FFT Fig. 3 Zoom FFT Fig 4 Ultrasonic Signal Path Chapter 2 Down sampling In signal processing,  down sampling  (or sub sampling) is the process of  reducing the sampling rate  of a  signal. This is usually done to reduce the  data rate  or the size of the data. The down sampling factor (commonly denoted by  M) is usually an integer or a rational fraction greater than unity. This factor multiplies the sampling time or, equivalently, divides the sampling rate. For example, if  compact disc audio  at 44,100  Hz is down sampled to 22,050  Hz before broadcasting over  FM radio, the  bit rate  is reduced in half, from 1,411,200 bit/s to 705,600 bit/s, assuming that each sample retains its bit depth of 16 bits. The audio was therefore down sampled by a factor of 2. 2. 1 Maintaining the sampling theorem criterion Since down sampling reduces the sampling rate, we must be careful to make sure the  Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem  criterion is maintained. If the sampling theorem is not satisfied then the resulting digital signal will have  aliasing. To ensure that the sampling theorem is satisfied, a  low-pass filter  is used as an  anti-aliasing filter  to reduce the bandwidth of the signal  before  the signal is down sampled; the overall process (low-pass filter, then down sample) is called  decimation. Note that if the original signal had been bandwidth limited, and then first sampled at a rate higher than the  Nyquist minimum, then the down sampled signal may already be Nyquist compliant, so the down sampling can be done directly without any additional filtering. Down sampling only changes the sample rate not the bandwidth of the signal. The only reason to filter the bandwidth is to avoid the case where the new sample rate would become lower than the Nyquist requirement and then cause the aliasing by being below the Nyquist minimum. Thus, in the current context of down sampling, the anti-aliasing filter must be a low-pass filter. However, in the case of sampling a  continuous signal, the anti-aliasing filter can be either a low-pass filter or a  band-pass filter. A band pass signal, i. e. a band-limited signal whose minimum frequency is different from zero, can be down sampled avoiding superposition of the spectra if certain conditions are satisfied. 2. 2 Down sampling process Consider a  discrete signal  Ã‚  on a radian frequency  digital frequency  range. Down sampling by integer factor Let  M  denote the down sampling factor. 1. Filter the signal to ensure that the sampling theorem is satisfied. This filter should, theoretically, be the  sinc filter  with frequency cutoff at. Let the filtered signal be denoted. 2. Reduce the data by picking out every  Ã‚  sample:. Data rate reduction occurs in this step. The first step calls for the use of a perfect low-pass filter, which is not implementable for real-time signals. When choosing a realizable low-pass filter this will have to be considered along with the aliasing effects it will have. Realizable low-pass filters have a skirt, where the response diminishes from near unity to near zero. So in practice the cutoff frequency is placed far enough below the theoretical cutoff that the filters skirt is contained below the theoretical cutoff. 2. 3 Down sampling by rational fraction Let  M/L  denote the down sampling factor. 1. Up sample  by a factor of  L 2. Down sample by a factor of  M Note that a proper up sampling design requires an interpolation filter after increasing the data rate and that a proper down sampling design requires a filter before eliminating some samples. These two low-pass filters can be combined into a single filter. Also note that these two steps are generally not reversible. Down sampling results in a loss of data and, if performed first, could result in data loss if there is any data filtered out by the down samplers low-pass filter. Since both interpolation and anti-aliasing filters are low-pass filters, the filter with the smallest bandwidth is more restrictive and can therefore be used in place of both filters. When the rational fraction  M/L  is greater than unity then  Ã‚  and the single low-pass filter should have cutoff at. NOTE: Up sampling first is necessary in all cases where the rate is not an even multiple. E. g. : if a sample rate of 2 xs is changed to a rate of 1x by averaging every pair of samples this would be equivalent to a low pass filtering operation. But taking every other sample would be equivalent to up then down sampling in this special case where the multiple was 2 to 1, so there is no need to do an up sample first. Chapter 3 Blood flow Blood flow  is the continuous running of  blood  in the  cardiovascular system. The human body is made up of several processes all carrying out various functions. We have the  gastrointestinal system  which aids the  digestion  and the  absorption  of food. We also have the  respiratory system  which is responsible for the absorption of  O2  and elimination of  CO2  . The  urinary system  removes waste from the body. The  cardiovascular system  helps to distribute food,  O2  and other product of  metabolism. The  reproductive system  is responsible for perpetuating the species. The  nervous and  endocrine system  is responsible for coordinating the integration and function of other system. 3. 1 Cell –Tissue-Organ-System The  cell  is the basic structure in the human body. These  cells  that makes up the bodies of all living things exist in an ‘internal sea’ of  extracellular  fluid (ECF) enclosed within the integument of the animal. From this  fluid, the  cell  takes up  O2  and  nutrients  into it, they discharge  metabolic  waste products. In animals with a closed  vascular  system, the  ECF  is divided into two components, the interstitial  fluid and the circulating  blood  plasma. The  plasma  and the  cellular  elements of the  blood, principally  red blood cells, fill the  vascular system  and together they constitute the total  blood volume. 3. 2 Blood and Its composition Blood  is the  viscous  fluid composed of  plasma  and  cells. The composition of the blood includes plasma,  red blood cells,  white blood cells  and  platelets. In the  microcirculation  the properties of the blood cells have an important influence on flow. 3. 3 The mechanics of blood circulation Mechanics  is the study of motion (or equilibrium) and the  forces  that cause it. The blood moves in the blood vessels, while the  heart  serves as the pump for the blood. The vessel walls of the heart are elastic and are movable, therefore causing the blood and the wall to exert forces on each other which in turn influence their respective motion. Therefore to understand the mechanics of circulation of the heart, it will be worth the while to go through a review of basic mechanics of fluid, and  elastic  solids (momentum) and the nature of the forces exerted between two moving substances in contact. 3. 4 The basics of motion The study of motion is born from the argument that there is no change in motion without  force. These beliefs were somewhat obscured until the seventeenth century when  Isaac Newton  formulated his three laws of motion. Another quantity of interest in describing the motion of a particle is its  velocity. The velocity basically is the rate of change of the position of an object with time. Blood velocities in  arteries  are higher during  systole  than during  diastole. One parameter to quantify this difference is  plasticity index  (PI), which is equal to the difference between the peak systolic velocity and the minimum diastolic velocity divided by the mean velocity during the  cardiac cycle. The rate of change of  position  as we saw is the  velocity. While the rate of change of velocity is referred to as the  acceleration. For a motion along a line, the acceleration is given as: This is the same as the slope of the tangent of the graph v against t. The unit of acceleration is meter per second’s squared (ms-2). Newton’s first law: every particle continues in a state of rest of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by some external force or forces. In other words the  velocity  remains constant (zero acceleration) if no force is acting on the body. Newton’s second law: when a particle of mass m is acted on by a force so that it experiences an  acceleration  a, the net force acting on it is equal to the mass multiplied by the  acceleration. That is to say the net force is a vector which we can call F. which is given by F= ma. This equation is an important equation in mechanics. It is called the equation of motion of a particle. The term net force means the sum of all forces acting on the particle, which may be exerted in different ways. Newton’s third law: Newton’s third law has commonly been described as action and reaction. Basically the law is defined as, to every action there is equal and opposite reaction. That is to say, if one body exerts a force F on another body, the second body must also exerts an equal and opposite reaction on the formal body (-F). The negative on the force by no means suggest that force can be negative, the negative only means that the force is acting on the opposite direction, it has nothing to do with the magnitude it is simply the direction. As an illustration if you press a stone to your finger, unknown to you, your finger exerts a force also on the stone which is equal in  magnitude. Momentum We recall from Newton’s second law that F= ma. When expanded the above can be written as . The quantity mv is called the momentum of a particle. Therefore we can also say that Newton’s law from the equation above can be defined as force and is equal to the rate of change of momentum. In the absence of external forces the momentum of a particle of a body or system of particle remains constant or is conserved. What we mean is that, if two particles (masses m1 and m2) and velocities v_1 and v_2 collides, the combined body (m_1 + m_2 ) must have the same momentum as the original body put together, so its velocities must be (m_1v_1 + m_2v_2)/ m_1 +m_2. If the collision is instantaneous this would be true immediately. Thus we also have inelastic and elastic collision depending on the relative motion of the masses, or continuous. 3. 5 Basic ideas in fluid mechanics Basically the force experienced by fluids includes long range and short range. The long range force includes gravitational and electromagnetic forces. The electromagnetic force on an element depends on the quantities like its electric charge, but on the other hand the gravitational force depends only on its mass. We will consider from this point the gravitational force alone. If we have a fluid with element p which occupies the point x at a certain time t and has a volume v and if the fluid in the neighborhood of x, at that time has a density ? then the gravitational force on the element is given as: Fig. 5 Blood flow graph with velocity Laminar shear of fluid between two plates. . Friction between the fluid and the moving boundaries causes the fluid to shear (=flow). The force required for this action per unit area is the stress. The relation between the stress (=force) and the shear rate (=flow velocity) determines the viscosity. In a stationary fluid the only stress present is the  pressure. Let us assume a body force that is vertical; we can assume the horizontal component of the pressure force must balance out. Pressure varies with height as we know, as we move the height the pressure changes. If A is the horizontal cross-sectional area of the element and if p1 and p_2 are the pressure on the surface, where p1 is the pressure  on the bottom and p2 is the pressure on the top, then the net upward force on the element can be given as (p_1 – p_2 )A This must be equal to the weight which acts downwards and is equal to the density of the fluid times its volume ( AZ’) where Z’ is the depth of the element times g. p_1 – p_2 )A = g? AZ’ (p_1 – p_2 ) = g? Z’ If we assume that the  pressure  is  atmospheric  and assuming Z=0 that is to say Z is negative in the fluid. While p is given as P_1 = p_2 g? Z The above equation there is the called the  hydrostatic pressure The magnitude of the viscous stresses depends upon the rate of deformation. For example when a body is moved rapidly through a fluid it causes more rapid deformation of fluid element than one moving slowly. Viscosity is giving as where mu is a constant called the coefficient of viscosity. Chapter 4 Fast Fourier transform A  fast Fourier transform  (FFT) is an  algorithm  to compute the  discrete Fourier transform  (DFT) and it’s inverse. There are many different FFT algorithms involving a wide range of mathematics, from simple  complex-number arithmetic  to  group theory  and  number theory; this article gives an overview of the available techniques and some of their general properties, while the specific algorithms are described in subsidiary articles linked below. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a  sequence  of values into components of different frequencies. This operation is useful in many fields (see  discrete Fourier transform  for properties and applications of the transform) but computing it directly from the definition is often too slow to be practical. An FFT is a way to compute the same result more quickly: computing the DFT of  N points in the naive way, using the definition, takes  O(N2) arithmetical operations, while an FFT can compute the same DFT in only O(N  log  N) operations. The difference in speed can be enormous, especially for long data sets where  N  may be in the thousands or millions. In practice, the computation time can be reduced by several  orders of magnitude  in such cases, and the improvement is roughly  proportional to  N  / log (N). This huge improvement made the calculation of the DFT practical; FFTs are of great importance to a wide variety of applications, from  digital signal processing  and solving  partial differential equations  to algorithms for quick  multiplication of large integers. The best-known FFT algorithms depend upon the  factorization  of  N, but there are FFTs with O (N  log  N)  complexity  for all  N, even for  prime  N. Many FFT algorithms only depend on the fact that  Ã‚  is an  Nth  primitive root of unity, and thus can be applied to analogous transforms over any  finite field, such as  number-theoretic transforms. Since the inverse DFT is the same as the DFT, but with the opposite sign in the exponent and a 1/N  factor, any FFT algorithm can easily be adapted for it. The FFT has been described as the most important  numerical algorithm  of our lifetime 4. 1 Definition and speed An FFT computes the  DFT  and produces exactly the same result as evaluating the DFT definition directly; the only difference is that an FFT is much faster. In the presence of  round-off error, many FFT algorithms are also much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition directly, as discussed below. ) Let  x0 xN-1  be  complex numbers. The DFT is defined by the formula Evaluating this definition directly requires O(N2) operations: there are  N  outputs  Xk, and each output requires a sum of  N  terms. An FFT is any method to compute the same results in O (N  log  N) operations. More precisely, all known FFT algorithms require  ? (N  log  N) operations (technically, O only denotes an  upper bound), although there is no known proof that a lower complexity score is impossible. To illustrate the savings of an FFT, consider the count of complex multiplications and additions. Evaluating the DFTs sums directly involves  N2  complex multiplications and  N(N? 1) complex additions [of which O(N) operations can be saved by eliminating trivial operations such as multiplications by 1]. The well-known radix-2  Cooley–Turkey algorithm, for  N  a power of 2, can compute the same result with only (N/2)log2(N) complex multiplies (again, ignoring simplifications of multiplications by 1 and similar) and  Nlog2(N) complex additions. In practice, actual performance on modern computers is usually dominated by factors other than the speed of arithmetic operations and the analysis is a complicated subject (see, e. g. , Frigo amp; Johnson, 2005), but the overall improvement from O(N2) to O(N  log  N) remains. Chapter 5 ZOOM FFT The Zoom-FFT is a process where an input signal is mixed down to baseband and then decimated, prior to passing it into a standard FFT. The advantage is for example that if you have a sample rate of 10 MHz and require at least 10Hz resolution over a small frequency band (say 1 KHz) then you do not need a 1 Mega point FFT, just decimate by a factor of 4096 and use a 256 point FFT which is obviously quicker. In contrast, the zoom-FFT uses digital down conversion techniques to localize the standard FFT to a narrow band of frequencies that are centered on a higher frequency. The zoom-FFT is used to reduce the sample rate required when analyzing narrowband signals E. G. in HF communications. Zoom FFT analysis is simply an efficient computation of a subset of the FFT. You use this kind of tool when you are mainly interested in a certain frequency band of 10 kHz to 11 kHz. Rather than computing the FFT for the entire frequency range, you only perform computations on a subset of frequencies. Thus, you can save a significant amount of processing power and time using this method. Zoom FFT Analysis is a technique that provides better resolution on FFT analysis allowing the user to select a start and ending frequency with a given set of FFT lines such as 1600 or 3200. Since the start and end frequency can be arbitrarily selected then very good resolutions can be achieved in narrow spans within a baseband frequency span. WHY TO ZOOM? Minute variations in blood flow can be seen E. G. (starting stage of blood clot) the variation in the blood flow via, the zoom FFT will be more evident practically. This may be in frequency domain or can be imaged in 2D for â€Å"VISUAL PERCEPTION†. Normal blood vessel f = f+ df Blood vessel with clot formation f= f+df+Df Fig 6 Zoom FFT analysis Zoom FFT analysis is used to concentrate, or â€Å"zoom,† the FFT analysis on a narrow band of frequencies. This improves the frequency resolution and helps you to distinguish closely-spaced frequencies. As for the standard FFT analysis, the frequency resolution is related to the total acquisition time. So, to achieve better frequency resolution, longer acquisition time is required. Fig 7 Zoom FFT analysis This example shows how two closely-spaced frequencies are barely detectable when using the standard FFT analysis in baseband frequency span. Zooming on the appropriate frequency range (10 kHz here) then clearly reveals the two different frequencies. 5. 1 Basic principle of the Zoom FFT The zoom FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is a signal processing technique used to analyses a portion of a spectrum at high resolution. Fig shows the spectrum of a real signal, with the region of interest shaded. The steps to apply the zoom FFT to this region are as follows: * Frequency translates to shift the frequency range of interest down to near 0 Hz (DC), as shown is Fig. * Low pass filter to prevent aliasing when subsequently sampled at a lower sample rate, see Fig 1. * Re-sample at a lower rate. * FFT the re-sampled data. Multiple blocks of data are needed to have an FFT of the same length. The resulting spectrum will now have a much smaller resolution bandwidth, compared to an FFT of non-translated data, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 8 schematic diagram of the Zoom FFT process Where the figures are show 8a) Original spectrum with region of interest shaded 8b) Spectrum after frequency translation 8c) Spectrum after low passes (anti-aliasing) filtering. 8d)  Spectrum after sub-sampling (decimation). 5. 2 Zoom FFT Algorithm If the two pass filtering were done as described, and then the FFT of 1024 points of the data is taken, then the spectrum from 0 to 1600Hz will be a zoomed view of the original region of interest. The frequency resolution of this zoomed spectrum will be 4Hz (4096/16) sixteen times finer than the original 64Hz (65536/1024). To demonstrate the complete process a data buffer of 20000 points has been created, it contains random noise along with two high frequency tones, close together, around 19  kHz. Here is the source code of the zoom FFT process. The zoom frequency is 19  kHz, two passes of the anti-alias filter, sub-sample process are then carried out. The filter coefficients are those calculated above, the sub-sample factor is 4, so the frequency resolution is improved from 128  Hz to 8  Hz. The following diagram shows the zoom process: Fig. 9 Digital Mixing While the following diagram shows the basic architecture of the Zoom-FFT: Fig. 10 Zoom FFT Algorithm Spectrum analyzers originally provided the zoom FFT to offer higher frequency resolution over a specific bandwidth, given the limitation of a small amount of on-board memory. With the zoom FFT, you can obtain a very fine frequency resolution (narrow band analysis) without computing the entire spectrum. The ability to increase the frequency resolution of a spectral measurement in part of a frequency range. Zoom can also apply to time domain (oscilloscope) measurements. Digital zoom (frequency domain) is usually implemented by multiplying the input signal with a sine and cosine at a new desired center frequency, and then low-pass filtering the data, followed by sampling rate reduction (decimation). In contrast, a visual zoom simply increases the size of the plot of data without adding any new information. In traditional FFT Spectrum Analyzers, zoom was implemented in hardware to get around the memory limitations of the processors, which made it impossible to economically perform large Fourier Transforms. However, as memory size and processor speed has increased, large FFTs are now economically possible. Fig (4) shows the difference between FFT and Zoom FFT. When you need to have high frequency resolution this can be achieved in a number of different ways: 1. Large FFT: Has the advantage that it gives the keeps all spectral lines over the entire frequency range, whereas zoom only picks a sub-set of a given frequency range. Thus with zoom, multiple computations must be made to cover a broader frequency range. 2. Destructive zoom: The traditional zoom method implemented with digital filters, which throw away frequency information outside the selected range. 3. Non-destructive zoom: A zoom technique, which keeps the entire original time function. Thus zoom can be performed in different frequency ranges on the same data without requiring the acquisition of new data. INPUT SIGNAL: The input signal for the frequency under design can be a cosine wave or a sine wave this periodic is only for the implementation of the work. For real time implementation any non-periodic signal can also be considered. FREQUENCY TRANSLATION: The signal, which is of high frequency, should be translated to a low frequency to get the proper response of the input signal. This is implemented by frequency translation. Fig 11 Hilbert Transform If cos (1900) is considered as an input signal it can be translated to cos (100) by the following procedure as depicted in the figure(4). The output arrived is as follows, cos(A-B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B) – (3) i. e, cos(2000-1900)=cos(2000) cos(1900) + sin(2000) sin(1900) = cos(100) Thus the input wave, which has frequency 1900Hz, is translated into 100Hz. Discrete Hilbert Transform formula The frequency translating function eq-4. f(n)=m=0N-11—1m-nfmcotm-n(? /N) – (4) Decimation Re sampling at discrete instances, the already sampled wave. As in eq-5, Ym=k=0N-1hkxMm-k, M=decimation factor. – (5) FFT: The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an algorithm that efficiently contains the frequency domain conversion as in Fig (8) and (9). Xk=n=0N-1xne-j2? nk/N Fig. 12 FFT of a wave with 2 frequencies Fig. 13 Zoom FFT with various Wave form 5. 3 SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 14 Simulation results without zoom Fig. 15 Simulation results with zoom Fig. 16 Simulation results with zoom/without zoom and input signals. 5. 4 ADVANTAGES 1. Increased frequency domain resolution 2. Reduced hardware cost and complexity . Wider spectral range In places where the frequency content has to be analyzed, this zooming FFT can be utilized, mainly for the hidden glitches during signal frequency transition. 5. 5 APPLICATIONS: * Ultrasonic blood flow analysis. * RF communications. * Mechanical stress analysis. * Doppler radar. * Bio-medical fields. * Side band analysis, and modulation analys is CONCLUSION Currently the seminar report has been tested on the simulation basis, the output of the simulations are satisfactory. Real time experimentation is being done, using the piezo electric ultrasonic transducer for verification purpose. The frequencies content from the media are obtained and currently they are being transformed to image as 2D for visual perception. In places where the frequency content has to be analyzed, this zooming FFT can be utilized, mainly for the hidden glitches during signal frequency transition. References 1. Edited by Lawrence R. Rabiner, Charles M. Rader, â€Å"Digital Signal processing†, IEEE Press. 2. Oran E. Brigham, â€Å"FFT and its Applications†, Prentice Hall, 1988. 3. www. mathworks. com amp; www. ti. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Digital signal processing, salivanan

The Person You Admire the Most free essay sample

We might have met up with a lot of people throughout our life, yet people leave and life still goes on as what it used to be. The person that I admire the most is none other than my mother. I admire her the most as she possesses most of the qualities that we should have in order to success in our life.I think one of the most endearing qualities she possesses is genuineness. When you meet a genuine person, they tend to look you directly in the eye and many times they touch you in order to connect. That’s how she communicates with others. She doesn’t have the average walls up that many people have in life. She seems to touch everyone in a way where one can immediately connect with her and for sure she has no false pretenses. She crosses all barriers and has the ability to connect with others and radiates great empathy to others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person You Admire the Most or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s almost like she has an additional sense. She never pretended to be perfect or know all the answers but one thing is for sure anything she tells you is coming straight from the heart.She has been very patient with me and supports me in everything I do. She has done a lot to boost my self-confidence and self-esteem. She does not scold whenever I fail in something, instead she will console me and make me feel better by telling me stories about her own failures and achievements throughout life. She also makes all kinds of sacrifices, big and small for the sake of her children. She has always been my source of inspiration and pillar of strength. My mom is the one that is always there, the person I can count on, the one that will never turn her back on me. The one that supports, helps, hug, kisses, gives me confidence, comforts, listens, makes me laugh, cheers me up and wipes my tears. She will definitely be the one that I always admire and love the most.

Gun Control Essays (1517 words) - Gun Politics In The United States

Gun Control Essays (1517 words) - Gun Politics In The United States Gun Control One of the most controversial issues of today is the topic of gun control. It is not only a popular debate, but has now become one of the key reasons people vote for a particular candidate. But is gun control the only answer to help stop crime, or is there another solution? I believe that if we as a society cannot even control ourselves to become responsible for our own actions then we are lost. Gun control isnt the answer, instead we should concentrate on training and controlling the people who are using these firearms. A quote from Charlton Heston, president of the NRA, We teach our children not to play with a hot stove, to look both ways before crossing the street and to avoid the dangers of drugs and other harmful substances. And we should certainly teach our young children how to avoid tragic accidents with firearms. With such groups as the NRA, ACLU, and the MRC many agree that their has to be another solution. The NRA alone has over four million people supporting them. The NRA also supports many programs to better increase the knowledge about firearms and the safety of the people using them. For example they agree with the proposition to have mandatory background checks for anyone purchasing a firearm at a gun show. They also agree with and help to fund school education programs for gun safety including their award winning Eddie Eagle GunSafe Programs, which since 1988 has been viewed by over 12 million school children in every state in the country. But the controversy doesnt arise in these programs because almost everyone would agree that a more informed and educated society isnt a bad thing. The problem lays within the issue of banning guns, and registering guns. Should all guns be registered in a national database? The NRA says no. Another quote from Charlton Heston. In every jurisdiction where registration has been imposed, government confiscation and destruction has occurred. Yet, that is exactly the goal of anti-gun lobbyists. This was taken from a debate between NRA president Charlton Heston and Handgun Control Inc. chair Sarah Brady. Heston continues on to say Sarah Brady, chair of Handgun Control Inc., told the New York Times on August 15, 1993 that her ultimate goal is a need based licensing system, with all guns and gun transfers registered with the federal government. In her ideal world, an honest citizen would have to prove to government bureaucrats his or her need to own a firearm. Think about that for a moment. Can you satisfy Mrs. Bradys requirement that you need your shotgun? Or the handgun you keep for protection in your home? This raises an interesting point. If this system were to pass, how would you judge a persons need for a firearm, especially for protection purposes? Another possible precaution that is being proposed by presidential candidate Al Gore, is the fingerprinting and photographing of every gun owner for an identification card. What criminal is going to stand in line and give his fingerprints and photograph away to the federal government? So how would this help reduce gun-related crimes? Simply put, it wouldnt, but Al Gore is still pushing for it, much like the systems that were already introduced to such countries as Australia, England, and Canada. Shortly after these countries began confiscating and destroying privately owned guns. Now Im not saying that I believe the federal government is trying to overturn our country by taking away our firearms, but it is a little suspicious when compared to the previous history of other countries. So what does Sarah Brady and the Handgun Control Inc. think about national registration of firearms? Handgun registration is: a way of ensuring that the police can track any gun that is used in a crime, do a better job of proving that a crime gun was indeed purchased by the criminal and convict those criminals and send them to jail. Though they believe in handgun registration, they dont believe in registering rifles or shotguns since they are rarely used in crimes. I agree that justice must be served and that any possible way of finding these criminals and upholding the law should be taken, but choosing between confiscation and registration is a tough choice. Id rather have the right to own a gun. Also if the possibility of confiscation arose think how much easier it would be for the federal government to track you down and steal your firearm. Although it seems far fetched that this could ever happen Id rather not take any chances. Another huge controversy of today is between the two possible presidential candidates Al

Brainstorming Sources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brainstorming Sources - Research Paper Example The opposing side of this debate has indicated that in a past research carried out by the University of Michigan proved that if the government wanted to reduce the consumption of alcohol, they should increase the age limit. This reduced the consumption of alcohol amongst the seniors by 13.3% (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman and Schulenberg, 2011). They also noted that there was a drop of 58% of alcohol related to motor accidents, this information is from secondary data from books, and handwritten manuscripts. It is to their argument that reducing the age will increase the consumption of alcohol and make the youth addicts at a very young age. The proposers argue that reducing the legal drinking age will allow the youths to learn to drink responsibly. On the other hand, the opposing side claims that reducing the age will lead to the youths suffering from alcohol related diseases. The argument is based on the youth’s irresponsible behaviors. This report will mainly affect the government, parents, and the youths at hand. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG and Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan,

Critical thinking and application paper Ethics Case Study

Critical thinking and application paper Ethics - Case Study Example The rule which has the best overall consequences is regarded as the best rule. This article is very pertinent to Gary Briar's issue since it also covers the pervasive corruption in foregin governments. The citizens of Afghanistan are afraid to report instances of corruption because they are afraid that they will be killed by government forces. The continuing corruption done by government officials constitutes a serious malady affecting the government. This article is related to the situation of Danny Briar as it features the strong dilemma of a Turkish government official pertaining to corruption being committed by other government officials. This article refers to the Turkish Interior Minister Saadettin Tantan, the leader of Turkey's anti-corruption drive, who has accused elements of the party of trying to slow his investigations. The move of Tantan was to resign from government office. Hence, Turkey has lost a key government official who could have stemmed the tide of corruption. This article is pertinent to the situation of Danny Briar as it attempts to take a proactive stance in dealing with corrupt officials. The article emphasizes the importance of putting out incentives to make officials forego corruption activities. This article features the private efforts of a Sudanese cellphone billionaire, Mo Ibrahim, who will give an annual prize worth more than US $5 million dollars to an African head of state who was freely elected, turned over power to a freely elected successor and governed well while in office. This prize can help all African leaders to govern well and avoid the temptation of robbing their country of natural resources. d.) "Border Agents, Lured by the Other Side" Randal Archibold and Andrew Becker. New York Times online. Mqy 27, 2008. Available at URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/us/27border.html This article is pertinent to the case study since it als deals with how government agents, border patrol agents are lured by money officers. The article features two Villarreal brothers who were former Border Patrol agents, who were suspected of helping to smuggle an untold number of illegal immigrants from Mexico and Brazil across the border. The Villarreal investigation were among the corruption cases that have alarmed officials in the Homeland Security Department. e.) "China Confirms Poison Was on Toy Beads" New York Times Online. By KEITH BRADSHER. Published: November 11, 2007. This article is similar to that of Danny Briar as it also features the case of poison found in Chinese toy beads, Acqua Dots. The Chinese government had confirmed the presence of poison on toy beads exported around the world. The brightly colored toy

Companies Go Global, But Many Managers Just Don't Travel Well Article

Companies Go Global, But Many Managers Just Don't Travel Well - Article Example The article looks at the sentiments of managers from other countries and their opinions of the American manager. What comes out clearly is that the American manger is perceived to be extremely successful. This is as a result of the combinations of various factors. They are in many instances deemed as nonglobal people. This means that they do not take time to understand the culture, language or mannerisms of the people that they are conducting business. The American managers have engrossed themselves in a culture of â€Å"they know it best†. They have an attitude of things being done their way or no way at all. Despite all this, they are ranked as the most powerful managers running powerful, and extremely sophisticated organizations. The author of the article states simply that the American manager could do much for the organization that he or she represents. This is through adherence to a strict global outlook that makes the entire globe eager to conduct business with the Amer icans. Any American manager wanting to break ground in the new territory should understand the region has its own climate. This means that they have policies, rules, regulations, language, religion, mode of expression and a strict sense of a culture that units them. They should understand that they have a unique business acumen that represents them as a globe or country. The way to succeed in such a country is by adhering to the people’s way of life at all times. The act of management should encompass what the employees of that region expect of their manager. This means that if an American country wants to appeal to clients in an Islamic nation, it has to adhere to certain basic Islamic concepts. The employees should have a separate area where they can hold their prayer sessions as per Islam Laws.

Rape in American Slavery System During the Antebellum

Rape in American Slavery System During the Antebellum Introduction The first African slaves arrived in Virginia, North America in 1619. As the plantations of the antebellum south flourished, the African slave trade gained momentum. (Slavery in the ante-bellum South). Between the 16 and 19th centuries, America had an estimated 12 million African slaves (Slavery in the United States). Enslavement of the African Americans formally commenced in the 1630s and 1640s. By 1740, colonial America had a fully developed slavery system in place, granting slave owners an absolute and tyrannical life-and-death authority over their slaves or chattels and their children. (Slavery in the United States) Stripped of any identity or rights, enslaved black slaves were considered legal non-persons, except in the event of a crime committed (Slavery in the ante-bellum South). Documents and research on the slave era in the antebellum south are awash with horror stories of the brutal and inhuman treatment of slaves, particularly women. ( David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese,- Slavery in the United States-Treatment). Considered properties by their masters, enslaved black women endured continual physical and emotional abuse, sexual violations, torture, and sometimes even death. (Susanne Scholz ) This research paper takes up the issue of how rape in the American slavery system during the antebellum south affected the African American society, and attempts to answer the following questions: How sexual violence affected slave family life and their behavior? By the 1800s, slavery had percolated down mainly to the antebellum south (Africans in America). Whilst a majority of these slaves were designated as field servants performing duties outside the house, a smaller percentage, particularly women were employed as domestics or house servants, mammies and surrogate mothers. Owners generally enforced their status as property owners by callous methods (Africans in America). Many first person accounts (Harriet A Jacobs) and other data available, underscore the rampant sexual exploitation of African women slaves. In the absence of any safeguards, with laws granting owners sweeping powers over their slaves, these women in bondage were habitually ravished, harassed, sexually stalked and used as long term concubines not only by their masters, but by the owners families and friends as well. Slave men, for their part, were rendered powerless to challenge or intervene, as to do so would mean sure death or sale to distant plantations (Africans in America). Progeny or mulattos resulting from such rapes were also considered slaves, unless freed by the owner. (Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the United States). As masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter, slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their families. Slaveholders had no legal obligation to respect the sanctity of the slaves marriage bed, and slave women- married or single had no formal protection against their owners sexual advances. Without legal protection and subject to the masters whim, the slave family was always at risk.(slavery in the united states treatment rapes of females ) However, in quite a few documented cases, enslaved black women worked as devoted loyal servants, as mammies and surrogate mothers for white children demonstrating the absence of oppression and bonds of affection that actually united the two races. Blassingame,* underlines the fact that slave parents tried to shield their young from the brutal realities of the plantation. They often dissuaded angry urges among the children, which generally arose after their first whipping, from seeking revenge or running away. Children often internalized the two contradictory behavior responses of their parents; one submissive in front of the owner, the other castigating their owners action in private. They understood that submissiveness was a way to avoid punishment, but the true behavior model emulated was the one they witnessed in private. The family was an important survival mechanism, for no matter how often the family was broken, it enabled the slave to survive on the plantation without becoming totally submissive to or dependent on the master. Slaves often retaliated, subtly or overtly, to their inhuman treatment. They resorted to destroying crops or disabling machinery, slowing down work. Many stole food, livestock and valuables. Some committed suicide or mutilated themselves to reduce their property value and some even murdered their masters, by the use of weapons or poison (Africans in America). Furthermore, slave parents were also concerned about the owners interference in their private lives. Southern law defined slaves as moveable property or chattel. Often buying, selling and trading slaves, owners habitually split families, frequently taking children from their mothers. Slaves were often blackmailed with such treatment if they refused to work or if the women repulsed the advances of their masters (organization of American historians -Family life in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie jenkin Scwartz) How were the masters able to wield significant control and power, over their black mistress A Virginia law declared slaves to be chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever (African American History by Henry Drewry). It affirmed their total ownership and right over their slaves particularly the womenfolk. As absolute property of their owners, enslaved black women were thus uprooted their homes and families and to comply with every physical and sexual whim of the master. They had to learn to be totally submissive to the master, in mind and body. Sexual abuse could be in the form of sexual coercion to forced breeding for profit. Refusal of sexual overtures met with physical and emotional abuse and often the sale of a family member to distant farms, never to be seen again. She had no safeguard or refuge as the law regarded rape as a mere trespassing of property. Developing relations with fellow slaves, men and women, proved difficult as she or her friends could be deported or sold to another property at any given time. Any challenges by the male slaves to such sexual exploitation could mean an end to their own lives (Life of a woman on a plantation- an essay Berkin). First person accounts of two slave girls, Harriet A Jacobs and Cecil (Harriett a Jacobs An autobiography Incidents in the life of a slave girl 1861) (Essay on Slavery Celia a slave) substantiate this claim. Both female slaves of African descent articulated the pain and suffering caused by the repeated sexual violation of their bodies and how they were held captive by their masters till they decided to take matters into their hands and escape their captors. Compelled to live under the same roof with a man forty years her senior, he daily violated her. Her misery seemed inescapable, for there was no law to protect her from the constant insults, violence or even death. She finally managed to escape and went into hiding for seven years, before she could flee to another place. Though reluctant mistresses, these enslaved African women were often labeled as jezebels, innately promiscuous or even predatory by the white women. They were perceived to enjoy higher status and privileges than other slave women, but these privileges were tainted by the fact that they were forced into sexual submission (Africans in America). However, research based data indicates that quite a few of these formed short term liaisons with their white owners for vested interests (Southern Mulattos Population) and, yet others willingly maintained long-term relationships with their masters, begetting them children. Contemporary sociologist K Sue Jewell in her book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦describes Jezebel as a tragic mulatto indicating they formed the bulk of black women sold into prostitution. In a system termed placage, many such freeborn light-skinned women were willing mistresses to wealthy white southerners. (3)How did southern plantation owners use their powers not only to control their mistress but their children and even male slaves under their control? Slaves were at an utter disadvantage and powerless as they were designated legal properties of their owners. Authorized to use punitive measures, slave owners and their families deployed severe methods on the least pretext to ensure slave obedience (Slavery in the United States). A variety of objects and contraptions such as the more commonly used whip, shackles, chains, metal collars, knives, guns, field tools, forced walking on the treadmill and even hanging were used to quell any disobedience or rebellion. Reasons for punishments ranged from breaking a law like leaving the plantation without permission, running away, not following orders or slow work, often punishing them in front of others to make an example of them (Slavery in the United States). In fact, the law required slave owners to mandatorily discipline recaptured runaway slaves or face fines. Owners also constantly blackmailed slaves with the threat of sale of their family members to distant plantations, never to be seen again. Enslaved blacks continued to be sexual pawns in the hands of their owners. Children that ensued from these actions were also treated as slaves as they took on the status of their mothers. (Slavery in the United States) Slave marriages were considered illegal and couples were frequently separated through sale. (The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame). It was unsafe for a slave couple to be residing on the same plantation. Nothing demonstrated the utter powerlessness of the husband as he watch the brutal whipping and rape of his wife and the sale of his children. He had no alternative but to comply with the demands of his master. However, Blassingame also indicates that owners understood the need to encourage monogamous relationships a black man, they reasoned, who loved his wife and his children was less likely to be rebellious or to run away than would a single slave(The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame). Whilst some masters were compassionate, most slaves knew that any error or crisis would take them to the auction block. Slave owners were also uncomfortable with the fact that slave children might question their authority and the legitimacy of the order, as they were reared to respect other authority figures like their parents (Organization of American historians -Family life in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz). To subvert this, owners established rules and planned activities aimed at minimizing the importance of slave family life and emphasizing his position as the master. Many went to the extent of referring to their slaves as family members which gave them the right to interfere in their slaves private lives. To this end, they kept a keen watch on their slaves activities night and day, including such mundane matters as to what they ate, how they dressed and when they slept. They would often bribe the slave children or reward bad behavior with toys or gifts (Slavery in the United States) How did slavery laws and southern politic support the rights of slave owners to abuse their slaves Enslavement of the African Americans formally commenced in the 1630s and 1640s (Slavery in the Civil war Era). Colonial courts and legislatures clearly affirmed that Africansunlike their counterpart white indentured servants-would serve their masters for life and their slave status would be inherited by their children. A 1667 A Virginia act declared that Baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome. And By 1740 colonial America had a fully developed slavery system in place (Slavery in the Civil War Era). In fact in Virginia, after 1807, slaves were considered the chief cash crop of their owners. Such legislation gave owners ultimate power over their slaves (Slavery in the United States). A law on partus in 1662 in Virginia indicated that children of an enslaved mother would automatically be slaves, even if the father was a freeborn white. This further institutionalized the power relationships and freed the white men from any legal responsibility of either acknowledging or supporting their children, confining the scandal of illegitimate, mixed-race children to the slave quarters. In the 1860s, elite families, who formed a bulk of the shareholding families, influenced and shaped the political scenario of the land. Foremost amongst their common concerns was controlling and ensuring an adequate supply of slave labor (Slavery in the civil war era) Legislation in the south was so designed as to protect the owners rights to their human chattels. Slave codes incorporated in these laws admitted, if grudgingly so, that slaves were human beings and not property like animals. However, these codes instituted many clauses to minimize the possibility of slave rebellion. The codes made it illegal for slaves to (a) educate themselves to read and write (b) to attend church services without a white person, or (c) to testify in court against a white. Also, leaving their home plantation without a masters written pass was forbidden. Additional laws sought to restrict the possibility of manumission (the freeing of ones slaves). Between 1810 and 1860, legislation in all Southern states restricted the right of slave owners to free their slaves, even in a will, as free blacks might inspire other slaves to rebel. As a consequence, most Southern states required that any such freed slave leave the state within thirty days (Slavery in the Civil War Era). Authorities established slave patrols to enforce these codes. Locally organized bands of young white men, both slave owners and yeomen farmers patrolled the night checking that slaves were in indeed their quarters. These patrols shared a common desire to keep the black population in check (Slavery in the civil War Era) How the isolation of Plantation life in the south factor into the percentage of numbers of rape of black slaves. Although slavery was widespread throughout antebellum America, the 1830s saw a greater demand and concentration of African American slaves in the flourishing plantations of the antebellum south (Slavery in the civil war Era). Legislation of slavery in the southern states, unlike the north where there were free slaves, indicated that all slaves to be chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever. (African American History). A black man could be whipped for no reason. He could be beaten, stripped or tortured for the entertainment of his master. A black woman could be sexually harassed, assaulted, beaten or raped at anytime without question.(Life of women in the plantation slavery essay) As bonded laborers and property of their owners, slaves were confined to live and work on the plantations. Permission to go outside the premises was only by written consent from the master and severely punishable if disobeyed (Slavery in the Civil War Era). It served the owners dual purpose of labor exploitation and race control. Children and women were used as domestic help so as to not waste capable labor (Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Slave codes incorporated in the legal system restricted their movements and growth. They were not permitted an education, could not testify against a white or attend church services without one (Slavery in the United States). Authorities established slave patrols to enforce these codes. .( Slavery in the United States) In the absence of any safeguards and laws to protect them, enslaved African women were the worst victims of a system that designated and treated them as sole property of the owners. Of the data available and horrific first person accounts of two slave African Americans, women suffered the worst possible sexual violence and abuse (Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Her non-compliance resulted in severe physical and emotional punitive measures for herself and her spouse or the selling of a family member a child, spouse, parent or near relative to a distant land never to be seen again. Any rebuttals to such sexual exploitation by the male slaves could result in death (Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62)). Conclusion The antebellum era in America is strife with the slavery epoch which went contrary to the principles of the War of Independence. It is ironical that the very state, Virginia in which the American Declaration of Independence was signed, would be the first to legitimize slavery. African slaves first set foot in Virginia, America in 1619 with the arrival of captives sold by a Dutch to settlers in Jamestown. Considering their economic worth, particularly in the plantations in the antebellum south, their demand grew and spiraled over time up to the 1800s.(African American History). Colonial courts and legislatures had racialized slavery (Slavery in the United States)The first arm of legalization in 1662 stated that such Africans would be servants for life, and later in a 1667 another act declared that Baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome. By 1740 a concrete legal slavery system in colonial America was in place. A Virginia law gave owners absolu te right over their property stating that slaves were chattel personal in the hands of their owners and possessors for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever. (African American History). Legitimizing slavery gave owners sweeping powers of life and death over their slaves, particularly, the enslaved black women ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Slaves were brutally penalized and sometimes even murdered. Rape and sexual violence against enslaved black women was rampant and not considered a crime except for the fact that it represented trespassing on anothers property. Owners often resorted to severe punishment, physical and emotional, to reinforce submissive behavior, particularly against black slave women. Designated as property to their white owners, they lived with the constant reality of rape as is witnessed in the first person accounts of Harriet a Jacobs and Celia ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62). Habitually, raped, harassed, sexually stalked and used as long term concubines not only by their masters, but by the owners families and friends, these enslaved women lived in constant fear of punishment either physically or emotional blackmail through separation when their loved ones and family members were sold to distant plantations, never to be seen again. (Africans in America) Laws accommodated the owners actions, classifying the resultant progeny as children of the mothers only, absolving the white father of any responsibility, unless they were freed by the owner.( Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the United States) Though Black women were reluctant mistresses, they were termed as seducers called, Jezebels However, there is evidence to suggest that some enslaved black mistresses had devised a way to use her sexuality as a means of avoiding exploitation by her master and for other vested interests (Southern Mulatto Population). Slave men for their part were powerless to intervene as they faced the threat of death. (Africans in America). A slave couple residing on the same plantation were unsafe. Nothing demonstrated the husbands powerlessness more than the brutal whipping and rape of his wife and sale of his children. (The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame). However, owners also understood the importance and need of allowing monogamous relationships, as this was less likely to create run-away slaves. Slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their family and culture, even as masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter. Fearing that slave children might question their authority, slave owners established rules and planned activities aimed at affirming his position as master. (Organization of American historians -Family life in the slave quarters survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz). The fact that the slaves in the antebellum south were legalized and property of the owners afforded them no rights or freedom. Their isolation from the north, where free slaves resided, further detracted from any hope of freedom or better quality of life than at the hands of their tyrannical owners. ((Berkin Life of women slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62)

Baz luhrmann’s interpretation of Romeo and Juliet Essay

Shakespeare uses a prologue at the start of his play for a number of reasons. Firstly, it acts as an introduction to the story. We learn about the rivalry between the two families, †Ancient Grudge† it also makes clear that it is a tragic story of two †star – cross’d lovers † who are destined to die because of their families hatred. The prologue is like the opening to a film because both need to grab your attention. The setting of Baz Luhrmann’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is in the west coast of America, in a setting, which he calls Verona Beach. However this is not true as the beach’s real name is Venice Beach but the reason why he uses this is because it reminds everyone where William Shakespeare actually set the play, he set the play in Verona so by changing the name he has made quite a remarkable thing by making sure everyone knows where it is set. The other reasons why he filmed ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the west coast of America is because Los Angeles is a big city just like Verona and because there is also a lot of violence and gangs in Los Angeles just like Verona. The types of film Baz Luhrmann used in the prologue are TV news style footage showing you how much of their fighting is causing their city to be more violent, as well as this they are trying to say that what is happening between the Montague’s and the Capulet’s has an effect on the rest of the city. By doing the prologue, as TV news footage is a clever thing to do, as it is an original idea and by doing it in this way it will keep the audience hooked to the rest of the movie. Another reason why Baz Luhrmann used TV news footage is because it shows the violence in Verona. When the camera shakes, the jumpy effect makes you think the violence is real and also is very dangerous. This makes the audience hooked to the movie. The director uses a voice over to read out the prologue. The actor reading the prologue played the priest. The priest Friar Lawrence is appropriate because he knows both sides of the story. His voice is deep, sorrowful and sad. His tone of voice is meant to be serious so everyone will be influenced by what he says about the circumstances surrounding the storyline and take him seriously. Also by making the priest read the prologue it shows that he is aware of the situation surrounding both the families and the effect it has on the rest of the city and the seriousness of the situation. Not only did they use a voice over, they used captions with bold letters and people shouting to grab our attention. This keeps us hooked and willing to watch the rest of the movie. He says this in a deep American accent, although as we know, he is not really an American but an Englishman. Luhrmann uses some interesting shots in the opening sequences, such as close-ups, because it is important as it shows their facial expression and the body language used, making it more realistic and interesting, thereby attaining the interest of the audience. He also uses long shots (establishing shots) to show the whole city from the helicopter as it gives an overall view of what is happening in the city as a whole, focusing your attention to different parts of the city. He uses medium shots because it is ideal for introducing characters as it concentrates on how they appear on first sight and the impact they have on the audience. He uses high angle shots so that you can see what is going on like a birds eye view, showing a character in proportion and comparison to the rest of the city. He also zooms into the statue of Christ and the two buildings to show how important they are and to make them stand out from the rest of the city, by attracting the attention of the audience and thereby making them focus on the zoomed objects, giving them the utmost importance. He also uses fades and cuts. Fades are when the scene goes black. Fades are to close the scene and go on to another part of the story. Cuts are used to show what may be happening in another part of the story, maybe at the same time of the scene that has just been showed. He also uses freeze frames. One example of a freeze frame was in the scene of the Montague boys, when the characters are still for some time. He also uses wipes to speed up the scenes from the film. The reasons he used these effects could be because they make the story faster and more intense, and tries to show how different the atmosphere in certain scenes are. Baz Luhrmann used operatic and church music as well as dramatic and religious music, because they all tie in with ideas of fate etc. This music is ancient like the families and the story. When the Montague boys come they have different music. They use rap style music to show that they are young and modern and part of a gang. Luhrmann uses different sound effects like gunshots, fires, helicopters, brakes and loud music when they show the Montague boys. The reason why he uses these is because this is meant to be a tense city with a lot of violence and by showing it like this he is to make the audience feel like it still happens in modern times. The director uses images and symbols to focus on emphasizing peace and religion. He uses a statue of Christ because it shows everyone what it represents. The statue represents peace and refers to the Catholic religion. By doing this, they are trying to make the viewer think that Verona needs peace. He also emphasizes on the two towers, because they show the rivalry between Montague and Capulet and the wealth of the families. It also represents both families having a say about what happens in the city. He also uses fire as a symbol, as fire represents danger, death and hell. Everything that is happening in Verona is due to the families. He also uses passion as a symbol, because as we know, passion is the theme of the story throughout as both ‘Romeo and Juliet’ are madly in love. In conclusion, it is clear to see that the director is trying to open the play up to a more modern audience such as teenagers. He has made it appealing to the young target audience by hiring young attractive actors to play Romeo and Juliet. He also uses flashy equipment such as guns and cars to make the story appear more modern and to try to attract the young audience. He also uses different music to show the personality, e. g. when the Montague boys come, the music changes to rap music, as they are young and modern. Lurhmann also uses different styles like exciting visual tricks to attract their attention.

Code of Ethics Comparison Essay

Differences and similarities were described in the Code of Ethics of the American Counseling Association and the American Association of Christian Counselors. The two codes are comparable in many ways. The American Association of Christian Counselors focus on the Christian aspect and the American Counseling Association is based on world views. It is important to understand that counselors should not impose their personal values on clients, however religion mainly consist of beliefs that individuals adapt and practice. All counselors should remain subtle when providing services clients and allow them to make the decision if they choose to adopt a certain value or religious belief to help them cope with life. The general similarities of the ethic codes American Counseling Association and American Association of Christian Counselors consists of providing help to clients who are in a crisis situation. According to the text, The ACA & AACC codes both encourage client growth and development which fosters healthy relationships. They both seek to avoid harm and personal values when assisting clients. They both inform clients of informed consent and protect clients to earn their trust so that they can create an ongoing partnership, by maintaining confidentiality. They both find it important to maintain trust in awareness of sensitivity regarding cultural diversity. Both ACA & AACC respect the rights of privacy of their clients (Corey, G, Corey M & Callanan, 2011, pg. 94). I feel it is essential for all counselors to understand a client’s cultural background, religious belief and values to effectively provide appropriate care when making decisions. This information will allow counselors to make better informed decisions and build a stronger partnership. According to the text, both ACA & AACC maintain records to ensure clients are provided with the best service which allows the counselor to maintain a continuity record for future sessions (Corey, G, Corey M & Callanan, 2011, pg. 173). The differences in the two ethics codes consist of the following: According to the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) mission is to bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, promote excellence in Christian counseling, and bring unity to Christian counselors. A more detailed and behavior-specific ethical code is needed for Christian counselors simply because of incompetent services among Christian counselors, unprotected legal status, and the vitality and growing maturity of Christian counseling. This code shows four streams of influence which include the bible; standards of Christian counseling and the established mental health disciplines; Christian and mental health professions; current and developing standards derived from mental health and ministry-related law. According to the text, Christian counselors should maintain the highest standards of competence with integrity. Christian counselors are viewed truthful, educated, and experienced. Christian counselors do not disrespect other professional counselors, mental health professionals (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 264). Comparing and contrast duties to client and to the Profession According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian counselors will protect clients and do no harm which is the first rule of professional-ministerial ethical conduct. Christian counselors will express a loving care to any client, service-inquiring person, or anyone encountered in the course of practice or ministry, without regard to race, ethnicity, gender sexual behavior or orientation, socio-economic status, education, denomination, belief system, values or political affiliation. Christian counselors acknowledge that client conflicts are unavoidable. Christian counselors take proper action against the harmful behavior of other counselors and pastors. Clients will be protected against harm and danger wherever it is found. Christian counselors refuse to condone or advocate for abortion and the abortion-related activities of clients. All counselors will consider and inform clients of alternative means to abortion and as far as it is possible, will continue to serve clients and work compassionately with them through the abortion crisis. According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Compared to other professionals, Christian counselors refuse to condone or advocate for the pursuit of or active involvement in homosexual, transgendered, and cross-dressing behavior, and in the adoption gay & lesbian & transgendered lifestyles by clients. Christian counselors will not advocate for or support clients who wish to die due to medical reasons, or support the use of drugs to be utilized to end a life. The death of a patient may occur however, initiating action to end a terminally ill patient’s pain is unethical. According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian counselors do not provide counseling to close family or friends due to the conflict of interest. They presume that dual relations with other family members, acquaintances, and fraternal, club, association, or group members are potentially troublesome and best avoided. Often times, family and friends may get offended when offering professional assistance. Christian counselors along with other counselors will secure client consent for all counseling and related services. This may include video/audio taping of client sessions, the use of supervisory and consultative help, the application of special procedures and evaluations, and the communication of client data. According to the text, Christian counselors may refer clients who are beyond their ability or scope of practice or when consultation is inappropriate, unavailable, or unsuccessful. Referrals should be coordinated after the client is provided with informed choices of referrals (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 264). According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian counselors are encouraged, beyond their fee schedule, to make a portion of their time and services available without cost or at greatly reduced fee to those who are unable to pay. On the other hand, counselors may not provide services to clients without some form of payment. Often times, Christian counselors enjoy what they do and may avoid financial practices that could result in greed. Christian counselors feel negative toward high fees and prolonged treatment for monetary gains. According to the text, Christian counselors do not withhold services to anyone of a different faith, religion, denomination, or value system. It is essential for Christian counselors as ell as other counselors to understand the client’s belief system and cultural background in order to provide the best care possible (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 273). Christian counselors should not impose their personal values however support the client’s values in a professional manner. It is important to understand that Christian counselors do not abandon clients. Services should never abruptly end without sufficient notice and proper notification for termination or referral.

Punctuation Saves Lives!

Punctuation Saves Lives! Punctuation Saves Lives! Punctuation Saves Lives! By Daniel Scocco Its Saturday, so instead of our usual writing tip well have some fun. The image below appeared on Deborah Ngs Google+ (Googles social network) stream yesterday. Nice huh? For those who cant see the image, the first line says: Lets eat grandma!. The second line says: Lets eat, grandma!. And the conclusion: Punctuation saves lives!. If you have similar images about the English language and want to see them featured on the blog you can send them to info@dailywritingtips.com. We might make this a regular column. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Quiet or Quite?

The Technology and History of the Atlatl Spear Thrower

The Technology and History of the Atlatl Spear Thrower An atlatl (pronounced atul-atul or aht-LAH-tul) is the name used primarily by American scholars for a spear thrower, a hunting tool that was invented at least as long ago as the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. It may be much older. Spear throwers are a significant technological improvement on simply throwing or thrusting a spear, in terms of safety, speed, distance, and accuracy. Fast Facts: Atlatl The atlatl or spearthrower is a hunting technology which was invented at least 17,000 years ago by Upper Paleolithic humans in Europe.  Atlatls give additional velocity and thrust compared to spear-throwing, and they allow the hunter to stand farther away from the prey.  They are called atlatls, because thats what the Aztecs were calling them when the Spanish arrived. Unfortunately for the Spanish, the Europeans had forgotten how to use them. The American scientific name for the spearthrower is from the Aztec language, Nahuatl. The atlatl was recorded by Spanish conquistadors when they arrived in Mexico and discovered that the Aztec people had a stone weapon that could pierce metal armor. The term was first noted by the American anthropologist Zelia Nuttall [1857–1933], who wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, based on drawn images and three surviving examples. Other terms in use around the globe include spear thrower, woomera (in Australia), and propulseur (in French). What is a Spearthrower? Atlatl Display, Gold Museum of Bogota, Colombia. Carl Ann Purcell / Getty Images An atlatl is a slightly curved piece of wood, ivory, or bone, measuring between 5 and 24 inches (13–61 centimeters) long and between 1–3 in (2–7 cm) wide. One end is hooked, and the hook fits into the nock end of a separate spear shaft, itself between 3 to 8 feet (1–2.5 meters) in length. The working end of the shaft may simply be sharpened  or be modified to include a pointed projectile point. Atlatls are often decorated or painted- the oldest ones we have are elaborately carved. In some American cases, banner stones, rocks carved into a bow-tie shape with a hole in the middle, were used on the spear shaft. Scholars have been unable to find that adding the weight of a banner stone does anything to the velocity or thrust of the operation. They have theorized that banner stones may have been thought to act as a flywheel, stabilizing the motion of the spear throwing, or that it was not used during the throw at all, but rather to balance the spear when the atlatl was at rest. How To... The motion used by the thrower is similar to that of an overhand baseball pitcher. The thrower holds the atlatl handle in the palm of her hand and pinches the dart shaft with her fingers. Balancing both behind her ear, she pauses, pointing with her opposite hand toward the target; and then, with a movement as if she were pitching a ball, she flings the shaft forward allowing it to slip out of her fingers as it flies towards the target. The atlatl stays level and the dart on target throughout the motion. As with baseball, the snap of the wrist at the end imparts much of the velocity, and the longer the atlatl, the longer the distance (although there is an upper limit). The speed of a properly flung 5 ft (1.5 m) spear equipped with a 1 ft (30 cm) atlatl is about 60 miles (80 kilometers) per hour; one researcher reported that he put an atlatl dart through his garage door on his first attempt. The maximum speed achieved by an experienced atlatlist is 35 meters per second or 78 mph. The technology of an atlatl is that of a lever, or rather a system of levers, which together combine and increase the force of the human overhand throw. The flipping motion of the throwers elbow and shoulder in effect adds a joint to the thrower’s arm. The proper use of the atlatl makes spear-assisted hunting an efficiently targeted and deadly experience. Earliest Atlatls The earliest secure information concerning atlatls comes from several caves in France dated to the Upper Paleolithic. Early atlatls in France are works of art, such as the fabulous example known as le faon aux oiseaux (Fawn with Birds), a 20 in (52 cm) long carved piece of reindeer bone decorated with a carved ibex and birds. This atlatl was recovered from the cave site of La Mas d’Azil, and was made between 15,300 and 13,300 years ago. Atlatl Spear Thrower, Carved as a Bison, La Madeleine, Dordogne Valley, France, ca 15,000 BP. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images A 19 in (50 cm) long atlatl, found in the La Madeleine site in the Dordogne valley of France, has a handle carved as a hyena effigy; it was made about 13,000 years ago. The Canecaude cave site deposits dated to about 14,200 years ago contained a small atlatl (8 cm, or 3 in) carved in the shape of a mammoth. The very earliest atlatl found to date is a simple antler hook dated to the Solutrean period (about 17,500 years ago), recovered from the site of Combe Sauniere. Atlatls are necessarily carved from organic material, wood or bone, and so the technology may be much older than 17,000 years ago. The stone points used on a thrust or hand-thrown spear are larger and heavier than those used on an atlatl, but thats a relative measure and a sharpened end will work as well. Simply put, archaeologists do not know how old the technology is. Modern Atlatl Use The atlatl has lots of fans today. The World Atlatl Association sponsors the International Standard Accuracy Contest (ISAC), a competition of atlatl skill held in small venues all over the world; they hold workshops so if youd like to learn how to throw with an atlatl, thats where to start. The WAA keeps a list of world champions and ranking master atlatl throwers. The competitions have also been used along with controlled experiments to gather field data concerning the effect of the different elements of the atlatl process, such as the weight and shape of the projectile point used, the length of the shaft and the atlatl. A lively discussion can be found in the archives of the journal American Antiquity about whether you can safely identify whether a particular point was used in bow and arrow versus atlatl: the results are inconclusive. If you are a dog owner, you may have even used a modern spearthrower known as the â€Å"Chuckit. Study History Archaeologists began to recognize atlatls in the late 19th century. The anthropologist and adventurer Frank Cushing [1857–1900] made replicas and may have experimented with the technology; Zelia Nuttall wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, and anthropologist Otis T. Mason [1838–1908] looked at Arctic spear throwers and noticed that they were similar to those described by Nuttall. More recently, studies by scholars such as John Whittaker and Brigid Grund have focused on the physics of atlatl throwing, and trying to parse out why people eventually adopted the bow and arrow. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Bingham, Paul M., Joanne Souza, and John H. Blitz. Introduction: Social Complexity and the Bow in the Prehistoric North American Record. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 81–88. Print.Cain, David I., and Elizabeth A. Sobel. Sticks with Stones: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Atlatl Weight on Atlatl Mechanics. Ethnoarchaeology 7.2 (2015): 114–40. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Soc ial Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print. Pettigrew, Devin B., et al. How Atlatl Darts Behave: Beveled Points and the Relevance of Controlled Experiments. American Antiquity 80.3 (2015): 590–601. Print.Walde, Dale. Concerning the Atlatl and the Bow: Further Observations Regarding Arrow and Dart Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 156–61. Print.Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.Whittaker, John C., Devin B. Pettigrew, and Ryan J. Grohsmeyer. Atlatl Dart Velocity: Accurate Measurements and Implications for Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology. PaleoAmerica 3.2 (2017): 161–81. Print.