Sunday, July 21, 2019
Effects of Strikes Businesses
Effects of Strikes Businesses I. Introduction Boycotts and lockouts are two other anti-impasse weapons sometimes used by labour and management. An impasse occurs when the parties arent able to move further toward settlement. The principal weapons of offense employed by labor organizations in the warfare against employers are the strike and the boycott. According to the Dessler G. (2008), Strike is a withdrawal of labor. (p.619). A strike is defined as a temporary stoppage of work by a group of workers (not necessarily union members) to express a grievance or enforce a bargaining demand. Foster A. (2004). Strikes first became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and mines.(Setiawan 2009) Responses to strike involve shutting down the factory, contracting work, continuing the operations, or changing the employees. Third party involvement namely, arbitration, fact-finding, or mediation- is one alternative. (Dessler G. 2008). Employer and employees have their own solutions to break this impasse. Employer can answer to the strikes by lockouts. A lockout is a refusal by the employer to provide opportunities to work. It sometimes locks out employees and prohibits them from doing their jobs (and getting paid). (Dessler G. 2008, p 621). Employees can organize a corporate campaign by making a boycott. Boycott -the combined refusal by employees and other interested parties to buy or use the employees products. (Dessler G. 2008, p 620). Firstly the term boycott appeared in the in Ireland in the 1800, because of the real person Charles Boycott, an Englishman who was responsible for supervision of land. His tenants asked him to lower their rents, he refused to do so, and turn out them, and after this the tenants organized a first boycott, denying him goods and services. His crops rotted in the fields because he had no farm workers, he stayed without any food, and found himself supersede from the community. After th is case this term word quickly spread to other languages and regions of the world as well. (What is boycott?) This paper will consists of the three parts: the first part is introduction, in the second part there will be presented examples of boycotts and lockouts, their analysis and recommendations as part of HR team, and the final part is conclusion, with references and bibliography at the end of the report. II. Labor Strikes and Lockouts Three main forms of boycott exist. The first one is consumer boycotts, in which customers are encouraged to stop purchasing from a targeted company. The second form of boycott occurs when businesses withhold their patronage from other businesses. Finally, the term boycott is sometimes used to describe an employee protest, known as labor strike. (Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business). In this paper there will be discussed third type of the boycott- labor strike. 2.1 Supermarket employee strike in the Califirornia 2.1.1 Description of strike In 2003, California has the longest supermarket employee strike and lockout in Unite States history. That action led to a nearly five month long supermarket strike and lockout, and it didnt have such strike from 1978. This strike touched four biggest supermarkets in the California: Vons, Albertsons, Ralphs and Pavilion, which is owned by Safeway. These chains have more than 850 shops in all the state. More than 70,000 United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) picketed outside their stores for almost five months. When this happened, Ralphs and Albertsons supermarkets locked out their workers without giving legal notice. Among demand of the employees were: reduction in employer contributions to the workers health insurance plan, as well as a two-tier wage structure under which new hires would be paid far less than their co-workers and obtain health and pension benefits. (Milkman R. (2004) 2.1.2 Claims of strikers Employees of these chains wanted an increase in salary and also they stroked against decreasing of medical and pensions grants. Management of these chains wanted to put biggest part on social obligations on workers, and to pay medical insurance by employees. Management of these shops referred to the depression in the economics of state and decreasing of the profit. Also one of the points in protest of employees was introducing to the corporate practice the emulative methods, like in the analogical chain Wal-Mart. Strikers made a condition to pay weekly medical insurance in amount of the 5 dollar for each employee and also pay weekly to the family members in amount of the 10 to 15 dollars and to increase a salary on 1.5 dollar to first year employees and on 45% to the rest of the employees. 2.1.3 Response to strike by employer Employer can answer to the strikes by lockouts as well as such steps as shutting down the factory, contracting work, continuing the operations, or changing the employees. (Dessler G. 2008). In this case when the union started to strike only the Safeway-owned stores, Kroger and Albertsons immediately announced they would lock their workers out. All three chains started to hire thousands of replacement workers well in advance of the strike deadline. They agreed to share any profits for the duration of the conflict (Milkman R. 2004) 2.1.4 Result of strike The 2003-year is remembered as huge strike and lockout in Americas history. Two parties came to an agreement, that union and supermarkets will force workers to pay part of the cost for health coverage, and to make any rose in the contract. After this strike chains and employees all had losses. Many workers went into heavy money owing while they were on the strike and some even stayed without houses. Employers introduced a two-tier system that provides dramatically inferior pay, health insurance and other benefits, under which those hired after the strike received significantly less in both wages and benefits than current workers. The chains suffered too, losing more than one billion dollars in sales, and form another side the ales of the competitors such as Wal-Mart increased by the 11 percent. Beyond the financial figures, many people say the strike has had a lasting effect on their shopping habits. Many shoppers say they stopped going to the big three markets and never went back. ( Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later) 2.2 Lockout at Bosch plant in India 2.2.1 Description of lockout The management of Bosch, the Indian subsidiary of Germanys Bosch Group and the manufacturer of automotive components, declared an indefinite lockout of all employees from the plant operations at its Jaipur plant on 12th of December. The Jaipur plant has 1,200 employees and manufactures pumps for use in tractors and commercial vehicles. The lockout decision was taken because of the continuing illegal and unlawful strike by the employees and which is prohibited by the government of Rajasthan. (Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur Unit. 2008). 2.2.2 Result of lockout The Bosch Group biggest international companies in the world and promotes the principles of fairness; justice and transparency of the group in all its locations around the world. The Bosch group also encourages cordial industrial relations at all its plants across the globe. In the case of Jaipur plant, the company tried all possible legal options to settle this problem but left with no option due to non-cooperation from the striking union members. Even after many conciliatory meetings, the union representatives showed reluctance to cooperate. The union members also resorted to violent means to prevent movement of vehicles to the plant and scuttle the production process. Hence, the company is forced to take decision to lockout. (Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike). The Mico Bosch Labour Union has been on an indefinite strike at the Jaipur plant since November 10 causing revenue loss to the company and the government. (Bosch announce lockou t at Jaipur unit. 2008). 2.4 Analysis and Recommendations In the place of HR Management, the first step that should be undertaken by the management is to improve the communication between the workers and their employers. If employees understand that their employers are really in trouble, then they will be less likely to mistrust their employers. But, if the grocery chains are still getting the substantial profits despite the competition, then it will be hard for them to give a good reason for cutting benefits. Professional negotiators can also help the parties reframe their understanding of the conflict, thus enabling them to pursue their mutual interests and possibly find a good solution. If this will not help, HR Management should as for a help a third sider- mediator, who could be a lawyer or a union leader. If mediation is unsuccessful, workers may have to take the conflict to the government. The only methods for getting the government interested in the conflict are through lobbying and a publicity campaign.. (Cate Malek 2005) III. Conclusion: Boycotts and lockouts are two other anti-impasse weapons sometimes used by labor and management. As it was already described, a strike and boycotts is organized work initiated by the employees for the purpose of enforcing their demands or a resisting demand of the employer. A lockout is a work initiated by the employees for the purpose of enforcing his wishes regarding relationship with employees or resisting their demand. It have seen in the examples shown above, that after the using the strike by the employees, management answered by a lockout tactics. However, as part of the management it should not be a supporters the strikes and lockouts, because it removes the source of profits and injures company. Firstly it makes serious harm to property of the company, the law breaking, and if there is an employees win in the strike, labor cost makes a serious item in the budget of employer. Thus, better to spend money on labor costs that spend more money during the strike or lockout and lose the customers. It is clear, that during this conflicts both sided are suffered and lose more than either side can hope to gain. However strikes have some obvious advantages to the public. First of all strike are resulted in raising the living standards of many people, because in the strikes labor usually insist on improving something, necessity of change is a good thing. From the employees point of view it increases wages, decrease working hours and makes better working conditions. References: 1. Dessler G.(2008), Human Recourse Management, Pearson International Edition, 11th Edition, Pp 619-621 2. Scott Nearing, Frank Dekker, , Watson, Carl Linn Seiler(1923). Economics, BiblioLife LLC, Web: 3. What is boycott? [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-boycott.htm 4. Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/boycotts#historical-overview#historical-overview 5. Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later- KEGS.com Palm Spring. (2004), [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.kesq.com/Global/story.asp?S=2416131nav=9qrxRsYB 6. Foster A. (2004), Major Work Stoppages in 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20041119ar01p1.htm 7. à  ¤Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  µ à  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ : à â€Å"уà  ±Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ²Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¨Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ³Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ° à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ÑŒ Ñ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  º.(2003), [Online], Accessed on: 10/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.finiz.ru/news/article661847 8. Lessons of the California Supermarket Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on, http://www.lrp-cofi.org/PR/strikePR70.html 9. Milkman R. (2004), Supermarket Workers Union Falls in California, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on : http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2004/supermarket_union_failure_california.html 10. Cate Malek (2005), Labor Conflicts: The case of Two Supermarkets Strikes, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_studies/Labor_Conflicts.jsp?nid=5103 11. Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike. (2008) [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=1822Itemid=2 12. Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur unit. (2008). [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=343017 13. D. Setiawan (2009), Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes Bibliography: 14. Dessler G.(2008), Human Recourse Management, Pearson International Edition, 11th Edition, Pp 619-621 15. Scott Nearing, Frank Dekker, , Watson, Carl Linn Seiler(1923). Economics, BiblioLife LLC, Web: 16. What is boycott? [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-boycott.htm 17. Boycotts: Encyclopedia of Business. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.enotes.com/biz-encyclopedia/boycotts#historical-overview#historical-overview 18. Effects of the Southern California grocery strike still felt, one year later- KEGS.com Palm Spring. (2004), [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.kesq.com/Global/story.asp?S=2416131nav=9qrxRsYB 19. Foster A. (2004), Major Work Stoppages in 2003, Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Online], Accessed on: 11/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cb20041119ar01p1.htm 20. à  ¤Ãƒ  ¸Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  µ à  ¸Ãƒ  ·Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ : à â€Å"уà  ±Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ²Ãƒ  ¾ à  ¨Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ à  ½Ãƒ  µÃƒ  ³Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ° à  ½Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  »Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ÑŒ Ñ à  ·Ãƒ  °Ãƒ  ±Ãƒ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ‚Ã Â ¾Ãƒ  ²Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒ  º.(2003), [Online], Accessed on: 10/11/2009. Verified on: http://www.finiz.ru/news/article661847 21. Lessons of the California Supermarket Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on, http://www.lrp-cofi.org/PR/strikePR70.html 22. Milkman R. (2004), Supermarket Workers Union Falls in California, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on : http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2004/supermarket_union_failure_california.html 23. Cate Malek (2005), Labor Conflicts: The case of Two Supermarkets Strikes, [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_studies/Labor_Conflicts.jsp?nid=5103 24. Machinists-Lockout declared at Bosh Jaipur Plant -Labor Union continuous strike. (2008) [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=1822Itemid=2 25. Bosch announce lockout at Jaipur unit. (2008). [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=343017 26. D. Setiawan (2009), Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes [Online], Accessed on: 10/12/2009. Verified on: Advantages and Disadvantages of Strikes
Gender Differences in Mental Illness Experiences
Gender Differences in Mental Illness Experiences Title: In what ways does gender shape the experience of mental illness? Introduction Women and mental health is a vast topic and we do not presume to cover all aspects of it within the confines of this essay. We will, however, explore a number of relevant themes in some detail by particular reference to peer reviewed literature on the subject. In doing so, we recognise the fact that it is vital to make a critical assessment of the literature as, in any branch of medically related work, it is vital to acquire a firm evidence base. (Berwick D 2005). Much of the literature that we have assessed for consideration amounts to little more than simple opinion on a subject, and as such, is only of use as an opinion rather than a fact that has been subject to proper scientific scrutiny. (Green Britten 1998). In this essay we take note of opinions but aim to present verifiable facts. We do know that mental illness in the UK is associated with a significant burden of both disability and morbidity in general, and this will vary with both the severity of the illness at any given time and also the nature of the illness itself. (Annandale, E1998). A number of studies have shown that, as a lifetime experience, nearly half of the population will suffer some kind of quantifiable psychological or psychiatric disorder. (Bayer, 1987) The actual incidence of morbidity is hard to assess accurately. Firstly because doctors tend to under-diagnose positive psychiatric morbidity and secondly because there is a general reluctance to seek medical help with this type of complaint. It has been suggested that only 40% of people with a significant mood, anxiety or substance misuse problem will actually seek help in the first year of the problem becoming apparent. (Boswell G Poland F 2004) In the context of this essay we should note that, in broad terms, the overall rates of psychiatric disorder are approximately equal in both men and women, but the significant differences between the sexes are found in the patterns of how the disorders manifest themselves. (Castle DJ et al 2001) It is also fair to comment that an examination of the literature seems to suggest that the morbidity which appears to be associated with mental disorders has been the subject of more attention and research than the actual determinants and mechanisms that appear to be significant in both the promotion of mental health, and protection against mental illness, together with those factors which appear to give a degree of resilience against stress and other adversities which are gender specific. ( Rogers Pilgrim 2002) Gender differences We do know that a number of psychiatric illnesses have different rates of presentation. Some, such as schizophrenia have gender differential modes of presentation and illness trajectory (Kornstein S Clayton A 2002). Just why should this be? A number of authors point to various features of gender difference that may account for this difference. Castle (et al 2001) spend a large proportion of their book differentiating the male and female brain in terms of the effect of testosterone on neurodevelopment. While this is undeniably a source of difference, it would appear that their argument rather falls apart when other authors point to the fact that the differences that we are considering here are actually better correlated with both gender and culture than actual biological sex. (Pattison 2001) Gender has much deeper socio-economic and cultural implications than simply a sexual consideration. It is gender that is one of the prime determinants of the differential power and status factors that influence the degree of control that both men and women have over their socio-economic situation and social position in their own cultural hierarchy. This, in turn, determines both their susceptibility, and indeed their exposure, to significant mental health risks. (Busfield J 1996) We have already alluded, in passing, to the differential incidence of various illnesses. We know that depression and anxiety related patterns of illness, together with those that have a significant element of somatosisation of their symptomatology, are more likely to occur in women than men with a ratio of about 3:1. Illnesses such as reactive (unipolar) depression is found to occur with double the frequency in women, when compared to men. This particular disease process is statistically the most common mental health problem that affects women, but it also tends to be more persistent in women both in terms of longevity of the episode and in frequency of relapse. (APA 1994) Gender differences are also apparent when it comes to a consideration of substance abuse, however it is usual to find the reverse ratio in most studies on the subject. Alcohol abuse and dependence will occur 2.5 times more frequently in men than women. It is not certain whether these changes are primarily cultural or biological, as they do vary to a degree between different cultures, but the sex difference is generally found. (Kraemer S 2000) Unlike the unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, like schizophrenia, has no differential rate of presentation although there are defined differences in the disease trajectory in terms of age at presentation, the frequency and nature of the first rank psychotic symptoms. This may have a bearing on the longer term sequelae such as social readjustment and long term disease process outcome. (Kaplan HI et al 1991) It is also a demonstrable fact that the degree of morbidity rises exponentially with multiple degrees of comorbidity. In studies on the subject, women outnumber men in this area as well. This consideration then begs the question, â€Å"just what are the gender specific different factors that determine mental health or the susceptibility to mental illness?†We have already suggested that many factors are not purely biological, and a number of different papers point to the fact that many of the triggers and stressor factors which can be associated with mental illness, are also gender specific. The gender based role in a particular society ( certainly in the UK), will produce different exposure to different stressors and negative life experiences. Equally it will give different exposure to the protective effect of a positive life experience. (Moynihan C 1998) We can cite specific examples in this regard. Women are frequently the domestic target of male-based violence. This factor is probably important in the fact that women have the highest incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).(Jewkes R 2002) There is still a gender gap in the earnings tables, both in total lifetime earnings and also in average earning levels. This implies that women tend to be less financially independent and more socio-economically deprived (on average) that males. In many societies this is also translated into lower social status that the male and this is often also associated with fewer social freedoms – all of which may be associated with an increasing psychological co-morbidity. (Gordon G et al 2001) There is also the consideration that in the majority of cultures, it is the woman who typically bears the major impact of care in the family, not only of the children, but also of the elderly relatives, and this frequently produces constant and unremitting levels of stress, which again, is recognised as a major trigger for psychological morbidity. (Davies TW 1994) All of these factors, when considered collectively, appear to exert a significant influence on the overall patterns of gender specific distribution of psychiatric morbidity in the community at large. These factors are generally exacerbated (and the gender differences accentuated), when there are sudden and unpredicted fluctuations in the general income level or the stability of the social strata.(Murray M 1995). We have already alluded to the fact that the rates of diagnosis by the healthcare professionals tend to underestimate the true incidence of psychiatric morbidity in the community. It is likely that the healthcare professional can also skew the results in a different way. We know, from a number of studies, that gender bias occurs in both the diagnosis and treatment of mental conditions. Doctors have been shown to be more likely to make a diagnosis of depression in women than in men even when the cohorts have been previously matched in terms of symptom severity and when the present with matched symptoms. Doctors are also statistically more likely to prescribe psychotropic medication for women than for men. (Bhui K et al 1995), Why should this be? Part of the reason is that women have demonstrably different patterns of presentation of psychological morbidity than men. Women are more likely to be open and to disclose their problems to a healthcare professional than a man. Women tend to disclose problems to a primary healthcare team professional (and therefore be treated in the community), whereas a man is statistically more likely to present to a secondary care specialist (which is possibly why men have a disproportionately high representation of inpatient care) (Boswell G Poland F 2004) This may be due to the general perception of the gender stereotype. It is more â€Å"socially acceptable†for a man to have an alcohol problem. Some would argue that Dean Martin made a career out of his drinking. Women are â€Å"expected†to be more emotionally labile than men, and the typical male stereotype is to be stoical and unflinching in the face of adversity. These patterns of behaviour in both the general public, as well as in the perceptions of healthcare professionals, go a long way towards perpetuating many of the gender inequalities that we have examined thus far. It is certainly possible that they may be responsible, at least in part, for the apparent varying susceptibility of the sexes to different illness patterns. (Bandarage A 1997) Conclusions In this essay we have considered some of the evidence that related to the gender differences in the presentation and trajectory of mental illness. We note that the WHO recognises many of these factors on a global scale and has put forward three factors that it considers to be protective in the development of mental morbidity (especially depression). In the light of our discussion above, it can be seen that, although the WHO addresses the points generally to the whole population, they, arguably, have a greater relevance for women than men, certainly in our current culture in the UK. Having sufficient autonomy to exercise some control in response to severe events. Access to some material resources that allow the possibility of making choices in the face of severe events. Psychological support from family, friends, or health providers is powerfully protective. (WHO1998) We have established that women represent the greatest element of morbidity in the overall consideration of both psychiatric and psychological pathology. This may a real finding, but we note that there is a considerable element of bias in the figures, both from the differential rates of presentation and also relative gender bias that appears to exist in the healthcare professionals in general. There is also additional bias in the fact that women have a longer life expectancy than men and therefore have more â€Å"life chances†to present with psychiatric morbidity, quite apart from the fact that the morbidity rates increase with advancing age, primarily associated with the dementias and various organic brain syndromes (Russell D 1995). On a world wide basis, women are more susceptible to the destabilising effect of war, economic instability and natural disasters which add to the burden of negative life experiences that are a prime risk factor for the development of mental illness. (Brown GW 1978). We have also identified the fact that the woman’s position in her particular culture or society is also a very significant factor in generating gender differences. There are gender differences in society and therefore it clearly comes as no surprise that these differences are reflected in the gender differences in health generally. The woman, in the majority of cultures is expected to assume a number of different roles (sometimes simultaneously), each with their own pressures. The unremitting role of the carer is common and clearly a cause of chronic stress. This can be both combined with, and exacerbated by, situations of comparative poverty which again magnifies the effect of all of the negative stressors which can mitigate towards mental ill-health. Other factors such as sexual abuse can also play a gender specific role in the aetiology of mental illness. In the words of Masson, (J.M. 1986) in his historical overview of the field of psychological disability: There is a positive relationship between the frequency and severity of such social factors and the frequency and severity of mental health problems in women. Severe life events that cause a sense of loss, inferiority, humiliation or entrapment can predict depression. Some authors point to the difficulty of communication of the patient with the healthcare professional. In areas where there are cultural or perceived socio-economic differences, it is accepted that this may be a significant factor (Platt, FW Gordon GH 1999). If difficulty of communication is a problem, the conscientious healthcare professional should endeavour to be aware of it and minimise it’s potential impact with strategies such as a translator or perhaps a more empathetic or understanding approach. One could hope that this would go some way to reducing the burden of disclosure from a patient who may already have a significant burden of psychological illness themselves. All in all, we can conclude that the whole area of gender, in relation to mental health problems, is both difficult, multifactorial and complex. A significant amount of work has been done in this field, but there is clearly scope for a great deal more. References Annandale, Ellen (1998) The Sociology of Health Medicine A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity 1998 APA 1994 American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1994 Bandarage A 1997 Women, population and a global crisis London : Zed books 1997 Bayer, Ronald (1987) Homosexuality and American Psychiatry The Politics of Diagnosis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1987 Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Boswell G Poland F 2004 Women’s minds, Women’s bodies London: Routledge ISBN 0333919696 Brown, George W. Tiril Harris (1978) The Social Origins of Depression A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. New York: The Free Press. 1978 Brown, G.W., S.Davidson T.Harris (1977) Psychiatric Disorder in London and North Uist Social Science and Medicine 11: 367-377 Bhui K, Christie Y, Bhugra D. 1995 Essential elements in culturally sensitive psychiatric services. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1995;41:242-56 Busfield, Joan (1996) Men, Women and Madness Understanding Gender and Mental Disorder. London: Macmillan. 1996 Castle DJ, John McGrath, Jayashri Kulkarni (eds) 2001 Women and Schizophrenia Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 78617 7 : 2001 Davies TW. 1994 Psychosocial factors and relapse of schizophrenia. BMJ 1994;309:353-4. Gordon G, Welbourn A. 2001 Stepping stones and men. Washington,DC: InterAgency Gender Working Group, 2001. Green J, Britten N. 1998 Qualitative research and evidence based medicine. BMJ 1998; 316: 1230-1233 Jewkes R 2002 Preventing domestic violence BMJ, Feb 2002; 324: 253 254 ; Kaplan HI, Sadcock BJ 1991 Synposis of Psychiatry, behavioural Sceinces Baltimore: Maryland Wilkins Wilkins 1991 Kornstein S Clayton A (eds) 2002 Womens Mental Health: A Comprehensive Textbook 2002 The Guilford Press, ISBN 1 57230 699 8 Kraemer S 2000 The fragile male BMJ, Dec 2000; 321: 1609 1612 ; Masson, J.M. (1986) A Dark Science. Women, Sexuality and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 1986 Moynihan C 1998 Theories in health care and research: Theories of masculinity BMJ, Oct 1998; 317: 1072 – 1075 Murray M.1995 Prevention of anxiety and depression in vulnerable groups. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995 Pattison H 2001 Women and Schizophrenia †¢ Women and Mental Health BMJ, Jul 2001; 323: 114 ; Penfold, P. Susan Gillian A.Walker (1984) Women and the Psychiatric Paradox. Milton Keynes: Open University. 1984 Platt, FW Gordon GH 1999 Field Guide to the Difficult Patient Interview 1999 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 250 ISBN 0 7817 2044 3 London: Macmillian Press 1999 Rogers A and David Pilgrim 2002 Mental Health and inequality London: Macmillan, ISBN 0333786572 : 2002 Russell, Denise (1995) Women, Madness and Medicine. Cambridge: Polity. 1995 Showalter, Elaine (1987) The Female Malady. Women, Madness and English Culture 1830-1980. London: Virago. 1987 Skultans, Vieda (1987) The Management of Mental Illness among Maharashtrian Families: A Case Study of a Mahanubhav Healing Temple. Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 22(4):661-679 Szasz, Thomas S.(1971) The Manufacture of Madness. A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement. London: Routledge. 1971 WHO 1998 World Health organisation 1998 The World Health Report Executive Summary Geneva: World Health organisation 1998 ############################################################ 17.1.06 PDG Word count 2,813
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Devastating Suicide in Bone Essays -- Bone Essays
The Devastating Suicide in Bone    In Bone, by Fae Myenne Ng, the character Ona Leong grows up in a Chinese-American family in San Francisco. Ona shared her home with two sisters that are extreme opposites, a mother who works in sweatshops and a father who works out at sea for long periods. Ona grew up loving every member of her family and each one of them believed that she was on the road to success. But on a day like any other, Ona commits suicide by jumping off of the thirteenth floor of the Nam building. Without any warning of her unhappiness, the family finds themselves only being able to guess as to why she would do such a thing. How did Ona express her unhappiness? And how does Ona's choice of suicide affect loved ones?  Suicide often follows depression, proving false the stereotype of depression being only general sadness. Depression can be anything from temporary to extreme, and from insignificant to greatly significant. What significant might be characterized as could be the outcome of a loss of ones life. In a case where a woman's husband committed suicide, the woman later said, "'He was like anybody else with depression. But it was much more extreme than he ever let us know'" (Robinson, R. 33). However, Ona Leong appeared no different up to the day that she jumped; never even appearing depressed. Throughout the novel, the impact of suicide is seen from within the home, leading back to early childhood.  When thinking back, every detail of a person's life can be thought of as being a clue to the mystery of suicide. After Ona's death, both mother and sister alike, ask themselves, "What could have saved Ona?... If I'd been living [at home with Ona] on the Alley, could I have had that talk with... ...the case of leaving a suicide note, can sometimes only explain so much, but actions do in fact speak louder. Taking your own life, in the case of Ona wanting to make a point, could quite possibly be the loudest action there is, an action impossible to ignore.  Works Cited: Robinson, Rita. Survivors Of Suicide. Van Nuys: Newcastle, 1989. Barrington, Mary Rose. "The Right to Suicide." Problems of Death. Ed. Bender, David L. Anoka: Greenhaven, 1974. 114-119. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Regional variations in suicide rates - United States, 1990-1994. (From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Sep 24, 1997, v278 n12. Robinson, Edward Arlington. "Richard Cory." The Pocket Book of Modern Verse. New York: Washington Square Press, 1954. 153. Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.  Â
Friday, July 19, 2019
Famous People :: essays papers
Famous People In 1999 Ricky Martin’s debut album hit number one on the Billboard Top 100 charts and also surpassed his other CD sales by selling almost 661,000 copies of his first English language album. That same year two major publishers printed biographies on him. (Griffiths, john 1of 5) Since his Grammy debut in 1999 he seems to have found success in every aspect of his career except in his personal life. Even with all the success he has reaped he unfortunately still suffers from the inability to keep a lasting partner in his life. This problem is seen through interpreting his music, where he expresses his loneliness and feelings about losing love. His loneliness has occurred from putting his career in front of his personal life due to his earliest obsession with having the full attention of his both his separated parents. His need for attention did not start at the beginning of the divorce though, in contrary he received even more attention then normal because both his parents wanted to see him be as happy as possible. With his parents not communicating to each other regularly he was able to get things from one parent that the other previously disapproved of. (Furman 5-7) One of the things he convinced his parents to let him do was acting. While watching other actors on TV he wished that he would one day do the same. He decided at the age of five that he wanted to entertain and his father supported him all the way. For his Father, seeing him perform in school plays and sing in his church choir only proved that letting his son act was the most reasonable thing to do. (Celebrating Hispanic Culture 1 of 4) â€Å"For Ricky being on-stage was synonymous with being loved. It was like having an even bigger family to adore and admire his every move and gesture.†(Furman 7) But soon Ricky’s new and improved â€Å"bigger†family would become a littler bit smaller. A short while after his acting pursuit began both his parents remarried and five new stepbrothers and sisters followed. Since losing most of his parents full attention he dreamt day and night about being a huge star so that, once again, he could just not get the attention of his parents but also of the adoring public all around the world. (Furman 8-9) He didn’t know that the public adoration was just around the corner though.
Nitrogen Management :: Environment, Agriculture, Crop Production
Nitrogen management is crucial component for sustainable crop production, it is desirable to adapt N supply with crop N use to maximize efficiency. In Egypt, due to intensive cultivation of high yielding crop varieties, the nutrients supplying capacity of soil is declining. Producers tend to apply insurance application of N to make them feel more confident about N sufficiency. These practices may lead to over application of N fertilizer and result in groundwater pollution by nitrate (NO3) due to the elevated levels of NO3 in the soil profile (Asadi et al. 2002). Accordingly, searching for alternative N sources and maintaining long term soil fertility and sustainability are a priority for studying. Cultivar performance varies as related to genotype Ãâ€" environmental interactions (Eberhart and Hallauer 1967). In general, corn hybrids are highly productive and respond to N application, however their ability to maintain yield under water or N stress are different (O’Neill et al. 2004). Nitrogen availability represents a major limiting corn grain yield under intensive cropping system. The identification of hybrids response to different combination of N rates and bio-fertilizers could reduce the amount of applied N and increase efficiency. Several research in the literature document significant cultivar Ãâ€" N interaction differences in growth such as LAI and plant weight and yield traits (Ahmed 1990; Tollenaar and Wu 1999; and Hokmalipour 2010). Determining specific hybrids response to N inputs would make a great contribution to plant breeding for sustainable agriculture (Presterl et al. 2002). It is clear that current unsuitable handling of N fertilizers may be responsible for NO3-N contamination of both surface water and soil water (Wang et al. 1996). Yield goal as N based recommendation usually represent large geographic areas. According to (MOA 2004) they provide a N recommendation for corn that is a linear function of yield goal. Although these recommendations are generally suitable, they may lead to over application of N as hybrids and environment change. Corn grain yield has been significantly increased by varying N rate from 190 to 380 kg N ha-1 (El-Hendawy et al. 2008). A positive response for grain yield has been reported by (Halverson and Reule 2006) up to 285 kg N ha-1 while maximized at 180 kg N ha-1 in another study (Lamm et al. 2001). Determining N recommendation could be further improved by considering field-specific soil-crop-climate conditions along with different hybrids and Bio-fertilizers effects.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
The Importance of Family
For most people, family are the people that are always reliable and trustworthy. Friends can come and go but family is always there. For this reason you should never turn your back on family. Loyalty within a family is crucial for the emotional stability of each individual. They provide support, guidance, which is important for everyone. In Drew Hayden Tailor's Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth the characters struggle with family loyalty and values. Support from family members Is very important and can have very negative effects when It Is absent.People often rely on support from family when In troubling circumstances or situations. It can be comforting to have help from family when it is needed so it is beneficial to have a loyal and reliable family to count on or help. In the play Barb says, When Dad died, I held the family together. When Paul died, I held the family together. I'm used to this now. †(Taylor, page 34. ) Barb supported her family during troubling times e ven when her mother, who should have played this role couldn't. Her willingness to help her family Is something everyone should have.Giving support to family members instead of keeping to her emotions sustained the family dynamic. With her support she helped the individuals in her family feel more secure after the loss of a loved one. This same idea connects with the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. In the book the main character, Catkins is very supportive with her family. Like Barb, Catkins has to support her family after the loss of a loved one because her mother loses the motivation to even take care of herself after her husband dies.Catkins assumes the role and takes care of both her mother and her little sister _ Supporting her family is essential to Catkins because without each other they have nothing. Catkins also supports her friend Gale who she considers family, by hunting to help feed both his family and hers. He does the same for her when she is sent to the Hung er Games. This shows the dependence people have on their families. Nobody wants to go through life alone. Guidance from family Is essential in shaping character and development of the children.Without family, people will have no one o gulled them through childhood and assist with decisions through adulthood. The role of parents and sibling can have a huge impact on the development off child. If one member breaks their commitment to family values, the next generation may lack the optimal environment to grow up in. The play successfully portrays how people can differentiate depending on how they are raised and by whom. Barb's sister Janice was raised by a different family and therefore has values and beliefs than Barb even though they are sisters.Barb tells Janice, †Back In Otter Lake, If embosomed not home, we wait inside†(Taylor, 28). This quote shows an example of a difference in social customs between the two because of where they were raised. Although the quote does n't show why guidance is essential, it does show how guidance can shape whom someone is regardless of where they were born. With that In mind one can imagine what it would be like for someone without a family to provide guidance. People should stay true to their family because everybody relies guidance is important is very prevalent in the real world.There are many studies written on the subject including one by Grace Keener. She says guidance plays a huge developmental role in self-confidence, learning from mistakes, and optimism. Imagine someone who lacked those three things. Guidance from family is key for the well being of a person. This is why you cannot turn your back on your family, they rely on you and you rely on them. Staying loyal to family is of most importance because a good family dynamic is required for healthy development as well as physical and emotional security.They provide support and assistance when you need it. Barb Helps her family deal with the emotional stre ss of the death of her brother and father. Families give guidance to each other throughout their lives, which shapes whom they are. Janice and Barb's difference in culture and beliefs comes from their different families. Family is what brings us together, makes who we are, and what gets us through life. Being disloyal to ones family is like being disloyal to one's self so family should be the one thing that is always held true to.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
An Evaluation of the Significant Factors that Contribute towards the Success Of Companies Operating in the Bulgarian Property Market
thither argon several factors that had come unneurotic to give an exceptional boost to the gunstantive(a) the three estates mercenaryize in vitamin Eern europium. The major factor that contri scarceed to the expatiate was the abandoning of central projectning, which was a brass that was embraced by much(prenominal)over communist countries before the f only of the Soviet Union. After that e precise Soviet discontinue and vitamin E European countries had started introducing the securities industry parsimony. That mechanic completelyy franked the door for situation supposal and currently m whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) investors ar depraveing property in Eastern Europe with a mixed result.Among the East European countries Bulgaria had finished ahead scarcely beca handling it became among the raging touring car destinations in a a couple of(prenominal) geezerhood term and it started to attract some(prenominal) investors and phaetons in a openhanded go. The burden was mixed and in that respect atomic number 18 round who say that Bulgarias property mart is satu placed whereas in that respect ar an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s who say it is save achievable to make property by investing in Bulgarias accepted estate. It was in l996 that Bulgaria was able to angle the communist regime.From then on, it had decided kindred galore(postnominal) East European countries to get out the trade sparing. sequence doing that, as European countries it was inevitable that they would join the EU. However, before doing that they had to go through a preparation sort that had a considerable amount of fear earmarked to it. Using whatsoever was getting into their clay these countries were working to transform their rescue that had been infra a central planning for all(prenominal) those long time and neverthelesstually they started showing approximately positive result. (Angelov, Ivan et al. 1992-2001)Bulgaria was non diff erent from akin Eastern European countries in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a government agency that thither was a carry on of activity in the jacket Sophia where on that point was some kind of a construction boom manifestly because the workforce was able to make more than gold hence they were able to afford to knuckle under for better fittings. The commercial-grade-grade vault of heaven to a fault saw some activity where eat upices and a nonher(prenominal) commercial properties were in high call for. This started attracting investors since the bucolic had opened its doors for outsiders as big as they met certain requirements.What took house was a boom by any standard counterbalance up if it was non different from what was happening in the other countries that were selling properties cheap solely because they were starting out from a system where property did not apply any cling to since they were under communism. (Petrov, Georgi 1969) In all this Bulgaria got another gain because of its touring car industry that became very popular to the suggest where it started to contest with other destination such as Spain, Greece and Portugal. integrity of the springs for this was the gloomy honour that includes both embody of vitality and the hurt of bargaining property.The wink one was Bulgaria has a holidaymaker sector that has a ski resort, a chain reactor hiking trails and summer spend vagrant in the coastal regions of the Black Sea. none of the other countries had all lead facilities in one fixing. In summing up, thither is a spa and mineral water that inevitable evolution. Once the location became popular, it started attracting phaetons in bear-sized number. Some of them were only regardors attracted by the violator of the surrounding atomic number 18a and the low price for the amenities.Some also started buying property because other locations such as Spain were very herd and the price of property was not as ch eap as it was in Bulgaria. In addition, property development companies were also attracted and they had been grammatical construction a subroutinements, fervidels and houses for a while now. However, after all the buying and investing that took place the gather up for hold is not accommodated and on that point is some distance to go before that becomes a actuality. The value of property is not where it was at the beginning that, it is still cheap even if it had been steadily appreciating.This government agency whether they are investors or nation are buying homes for holiday or retreat it is still diff utilize to get a good value for their funds even if it is not departure to be like those who invested earlier that had paid very cheap price for whatever they bought. Hence, since the take in for housing and other facilities that the phaeton community charters is in presently supplement, especially companies and entrepreneurs who want to invest in the arena voliti on depend a good return on their enthronement since the number of the tourist cosmos is exploitation steadily.There are various sectors to invest into. The office, commercial and industrial sectors go in double to the kind of economic harvest-time the coarse attains, because currently the outstanding metropolis seems to be satu assessd and the cheapest properties could be bought rough in that location. However, the development is r separatelying the other major cities, which bureau it is still thinkable to make money by investing in the office, commercial and industrial sector since there is ever so economic activity. The tourist sectors solicit for various amenities is not met.It means there is enough path for new entrants to make a ample profit on their investment. What are impatient now are apartment classings, hotels, living accommodation around the spa and the springiness water that are scattered around the landed estate, luxury housing that is ointmenting u p, and golf courses are among the hardly a(prenominal) areas that are requiring accommodation. Among the East European countries, Bulgaria has become one of the hot investment destinations. There are many reasons contributing for that and among them are its coastal, mountainous and deep its cities are attracting investors in a big number.Although, at this crabby juncture it is come-at-able to say there is an on and off signal since some of the food markets nourish started cooling system down simply because of the close to 31% annual property value reaping that was attained in the last deuce-ace years alone. Yet there is still a massive price expediency when compared to any European unpolished as well as there is a with child(p) growth that is unmatched anyplace else. The other obvious hooking factors are the sun, sand, sea, skiing, spa and mineral water. It also has a stunning landscape with a watch temperature that goes with it.All this are coupled with a din econ omy that started after the country ramshackle its communist system and embraced a market economy. Bulgaria has analogous size with Britain but its population is around 7. 45 one million million million battalion. The country is located in the southern east of Europe and it borders Greece, Macedonian, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey. Currently the investment air in properties has cooled off in Sofia the cracking where the property price was the highest in the country and since the country had joined the EU the growth rate had accelerated requiring more housing and commercial properties.At the same time because of its 354 km of Black Sea coast and its 37,500 hiking path, mountain trails, blended with its ancient history, it has become among the vanquish tourist destinations in Europe. Many people are buying property at this location as a vacation home, or for prospective retirement or simply to speculate on the lucky and overheated real estate market. The musculus qu adriceps femoris Market The property market in Bulgaria had focused on the large(p) city even if it was fetching place crossways the country. It is possible to buy a neat bungalow for ?5000 whereas the average price could be in the midst of ? l0,000 and ? l80,000 yet ? 50,000 could also buy a well-maintained property in a good location. The nature of the property market focuses on various sectors. There is the tourist industry that needs accommodation that is not yet saturated, in fact, there are some areas that are not opposition the standard, yet they confound become tourist standoffs availing huge opportunities especially for property managing companies. The second area is for individual investors who want to buy a property whatever the reason behind it might be.It is possible to use the property as a cottage and renting it out when it is not in use. It is also possible to plan for retirement or for speculation, because a property bought three years ago would have appre ciated up to 30% in addition to the rental income it would generate. And it seems that the market is saturated with such a growth rate, but it is not, which means anyone who is buying property at this point in time certainly bequeath see it appreciating in the coming years although there are a few caveats to look out for.(Property Showrooms) However, the other sector that had become lucrative was the capital Sofia where the demand was high simply because of what was winning place in the capital. The city was attracting a huge amount of investment from outside by creating a prevalence of young and better work force that needed newfangled accommodation and it had taken a lot of building to meet the demand creating a lot of opportunities for companies to head that way. (Baytchinska, Krassimira et al.1998) It is not only that a huge amount of commercial development was required as the (Annual Reports 1991-2000) demand was growing at a prompt pace, another opportunity that was attra cting big developers. another(prenominal) reason why bigger, experienced, and well funded companies had a good chance to be sure-fire in that area is it is only such companies that impart be in a position to obtain permission as they can meet the strict environmental standards that is being put in place.As well, compensable a particular attention to the inseparable beauty of the surrounding and the country lay is also important. What this meant was anyone that meets the requirements can go in there and buy built property and rent it out until the price appreciates and when it becomes productive it is possible to put it on the market. While such opportunities are purchasable even for individual investors, it is bigger developers that benefit more since they could be involved in a bigger scale development. (Due, J. M. and Schmidt, S. C. 1995) TourismThe other device driver is tourism that has throwd an unprecedented opportunity in the country by making it the newest attraction among the international tourist industry. fit inly, the summer months see over 50% of the overall tourist population who are there to visit the coastal regions. The winter months come in second by attracting around l4% of the tourist population who are coming there to take advantage of the ski resorts. The approximate for 2010 estimates the number of tourists visiting the region would switch 20 million making it among the appear tourist attractions.One of the reasons that is contributing to the success displayed in the capital city was its close proximity to one of the popular ski resorts at Vitosha where visitors are looking for high flavor accommodation that is creating the dual market advantage fuelling the property investment. (Polycontact) LITERATURE REVIEW authentic commonwealth Cycle Real Estate unit of ammunition had always been influenced by how the economy was performing. At the same time the population growth also has a pass effect on the demand of real estate since they forget need more amenities.It also requires accommodation, hence the amenities need to be at a inclined location to tend for all the needs. Because of that real estate is considered to be a alternating(prenominal) industry that reflects what goes on in the economy. The premiere individual who discussed real estate round of drinks was Homer Hoyt in the year 1993 when he analysed the Chicago market scene. Prichett (1984) confirmed that there is a real estate rack that always lag demand, but it was possible to determine the cycle when both demand and release go the opposite direction.Accordingly, he stated that the beaver time for investors to go in is when there is a autumn in the market and when the market starts to pick up. Witten (1987) continued on the same nous by saying that every location has its own uncomparable cycle that it introduces into the market and stated that supply is mostly located by the availability of capital. That is proven to be true in B ulgaria where the demand is not met simply because the number of investors and developers is still very low even if the demand is already there and is growing.Brown (1984) was not different from the others in that he stated that the main determine factor as far as cycles are concerned was what was happening in the economy. But he stressed on the length of the time such studies leave behind be conducted since he believes that the retentiveer the time is the purpose give be better. According to him if the aim is to avail a current feasibility analysis, investment advice or reasonable market analysis, cut downs and seasonal components provide have to be removed from the study that will be conducted.Wheaton (1987) canvas ten cities and rigid markets for office space have 10 to 12 years time bitstock and that had been demonstrate to be true in Bulgaria as it will be demonstrated later where the cycle is the outcome of how the economy performs and factors such as GDP, interest rate and employment growth have a direct effect on the cycle. Wheaton and Torto (1988) studied both rent and the available nothingness and found out that it is possible that there is a drop of 2% on a yearly basis for the overabundance that will be created in space for rent.Phyrr, Born and Webb (1990) based their real estate analysis on a speculative cycle molding that focuses on demand, supply and the effect of inflation and arrived at a conclusion that the timing in acquiring and desposing off a property is critical in realising profit for would be investors. Phyr, Born, Robinson and Lucas (1996) took their question further by comparing a traditional valuation mildew against what they called cyclical assumptions by taking into consideration demand, supply, absorption, military control rate and the rent difference between new and older units.The conclusion they arrived at was cyclical assumptions could affect how properties are valued, but the better method was the cyclica l model, which is a better indicator for a long term investment when compared to knowing the value of a property at one point in time. Mueller and Laposa (1994, 1995) took into consideration champion markets by stating, on the outset it seems that sub markets move differently, but in the long run they tend to fall tail in place with the overall markets.The upshot in Bulgaria had been different simply because of the number of drivers that can function independent of each other and have their own unique characteristics that are not influenced by the others, yet they can be labelled as sub markets. Muller (1995) came up with cardinal cycle types, a physical cycle that looks at the demand, supply and occupancy rate and the second one that looks at the capital flow into real estate that will affect the property price. If there is trim capital finding its way into the market it will bring down the price of both rent and property value.What is taking place in Bulgaria is the opposite simply because it is a new market and there is lack of capital coming into the country to satisfy the existing demand that is on the rise. It is also worth mentioning Grenadier (1995) who genuine a theoretical option set model studying by how vacuum rate and rent are interacting. The finding was both follow the economic trend where when there are booms and growth rents will start to get higher as there is surging demand.That is exactly taking place in Bulgaria now where owners or investors that buy property to rent will always see their rent income appreciating simply because the demand is rising consistently. The Price figure When examining the factors that are influencing the property market in Bulgaria they are not different from what the academician above touched on. Because of that the FDW ensample that came into humankind when DiPasquale and Wheaton (1992) published a diagrammatic integrated property and asset market model on the website of Curtin Business School is us ed on this research.The particular publication was followed by an article written by Fisher, DiPasquale and Wheaton that became FDW Model that focuses on a given real estate market, asset market variables and factors that moderate in establishing the equilibrium of demand and supply of a particular market. This particular model is applied here to examine the factors that are influencing the Bulgarian real estate market. One fact that ascertains a good future for the country is it has managed to keep property prices jolly low when compared to other European countries that have joined the EU recently whose cost of living had risen considerably.On top of that this particular country is managing to mix two sectors together in such a way that since what it avails for the tourist industry is vital there is a need for adequate and modern accommodation that is not met yet and that will be on the rise for as long as the number of tourists is on the rise. The other area is the countrys eco nomy is also growing and it would create enough demand in the capital for now that will spread to the other regions over time. The demand in the capital is somewhat met and is saturated currently yet, as a growing economy there will continue to be a surge in demand as the economy grows.Another area that is adding lustre to what is taking place is the new demand for inviolable and luxury development that is another take exception that has to be harnessed by companies that have specialisation in that area. (Eastern Europe Property) Hence, since it is possible to say the country is new in its endeavour it would mean that it still has more room and potential to grow its economy as well as meridian the standard of living of its people that is not advanced yet, especially in the arcadian regions.(Minassian, Garabed, Totev, Stoyan 1996) When that takes place over the years any company that has a good figurehead will be in a position to spot the opportunities and capitalise on them. Si nce the country is already a appendage of the EU that has a master plan for all its members to attain a certain amount of growth in a given period of time, it cannot become moribund until it meets that requirement that will take years.Moreover, as the living standard of the local people improves their demand for accommodation will be much higher than it is now creating a sustainable boom that is not abstemious to exhaust in the near future. In addition to that it is a tourist attraction that has seen an increase of 50% between the years 2000 and 2004 where 90% came from the EU countries. This means there will be a similar growth rate going forward into 2010 that is expected to reach 20 million and all that influx definitely requires accommodation that is going lacking now as there are busy destinations that are barely managing.This means a huge opportunity mainly for developers that can build bigger housing complexes that are available for rent as well as for sale by the unit. Bi g hotels are needed badly and the amount the best hotels are charging now is very low compared to what is happening in the other part of the world, which means more opportunities for companies that want to open bigger hotels since there is an obvious shortage.
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